Contents
List of Contributors xiii
Introduction: Rationale, Chapter Overviews, and Author Biographies xv
l Concepts, Theories, and Research Approaches 1
Ann Sloan Devlin
Chapter overview 1
Introduction 1
Why theory is difficult 2
Theories and constructs: an overview 3
Spatial constructs and theories 4
Space syntax 4
Newman's theory of defensible space 5
Privacy 7
Crowding 8
New urbanism 9
Place attachment 9
Summary 11
Theories involving the stress-reducing/restorative effects of the natural environment 11
Kaplan and Ulrich: some background and comparisons 11
Kaplan: more of the details 13
Attention Restoration Theory 13
Kaplan's theory of environmental preference 14
Ulrich's Psych evolutionary Theory 15
The role of affect 16
Summary 17
Approaches to research design: overview 17
Research design types 18
Correlational design 18
Research design und the continuum of control 18
Why use correlational approaches? 19
Field studies and data types 19
Field experiments 20
True experiments 21
The tension between ecological validity and generalizability 22
Qualitative approach: the interview 23
Summary 23
References 24
A Typology of Suburban Experience in the United States 29
Bernadette Hanlon and Cod)' R. price
The suburban ideal and the benefits of nature 30
Postwar suburbs, place attachment elderly 33
Suburban retrofit and the New Urbanist paradigm 38
Conclusion 43
References 44
Further reading 49
Residential Environments and Active Living 51
Barbara B. Brown
Introduction 51
Activity and weight-related trends and health consequences 52
How to study residential environments? 54
Where and how do residents achieve healthy levels of physical activity? 56
Neighbourhood physical environments: defining walkability 60
Neighbourhood physical environments: longitudinal and intervention studies 62
Psychological concepts are promising but underutilized 65
Future implications for policy, design. and research 66
References 68
4 Housing for Older Adults 77
Graham D. Rowles
Introduction 77
Conceptual framework 78
House and home 79
Aging in place: adaptation of existing housing 81
Housing for older adults: historical context 85
The contemporary residential landscape of housing for older adults 86
Housing in context : contemporary issues 94
References 98
5. City Life and Well-Being 107
Lynne C. Manzo
Introduction 107
Cities-great or awful? 108
Characteristics of urban life 109
Th lived experience of cities 111
City design and well-being 112
Density and housing form 113
High-rise housing 115
Crime and safety in high rises 116
Inclusive approaches to high-rise living 117
The public realm 118
Streetscapes 120
Psychosocial dimensions of city life 122
Trust 123
Social ties 124
What now? The city of today and tomorrow 126
References 128
Further reading 133
6 The Role of the Physical Environment in Education 135
Lorraine E. Maxwell
Theoretical perspective 135
Description of facility issues in educational settings 136
Early education 137
Elementary education 140
Perception of school buildings 150
Secondary education 151
Critical learning processes-high school 152
Conclusions and directions for future research 156
References 157
Further reading 165
7 Workplace Settings 167
Jean D. Wineman and Janice Barnes
A brief history of the workplace 168
Evolution of the office workforce 169
Today's workplace 170
Alternative workplace programs 170
Activity-based workplace 173
Workplace measures 175
Personal satisfaction, work effectiveness, and wellness 177
Organizational culture, communication, and innovation 181
Space syntax theory 182
Applied theory: two examples 183
Future directions for a healthy, productive workplace 185
Conclusions 187
References 188
8 The Environment and Consumer Behavior 193
Stuart Vyse
Barriers to trade 196
Bricks and mortar: from Piggly Wiggly to IKEA 198
The consumption sciences 202
Beyond bricks and mortar : virtual retail environments 209
The Science of virtual consumption 211
Consumer Welfare : the new hope 213
References 215
Further Reading 220
9. Everyday and Nearby Natural Environments 221
Nancy M. Wells and Kimberly Bosworth Phalen
Introduction 221
Residential nature : home and neighborhood 222
Access to nature at School 230
Nature in the workplace 235
Conclusion 241
References 242
10. Behavioral Impact of Naturalistic and Wilderness Settings 253
Terry L. Maple and Megan C. morris
Stress Reduction Theory 255
Seeking Wildlife 255
The calming effect of green space 256
Green space and cognition 257
Benefits to community 258
Simulations of nature : Zoos, aquariums and gardens 258
Biodiversity effects 259
Designing Zoos and Aquariums 262
The dichotomy of hard and soft architecture 262
Charting the potential of blue space 264
The biological foundation of environmental psychology 267
Dimensions of wilderness 268
The power of wilderness 269
Wilderness and self-actualization 270
Green therapy and public policy 271
Towards a greener urban core 272
References 273
Further reading 27
11. Can correctional environments Be Humane? A Case for evidence and value based Design 281
Richard E. Wener
Can a prison be humane? 281
What makes a prison environment special? 282
What is success in the design of a prison? 282
A brief history 283
What does being a humane prison mean? 284
Referenecs 304
12 Healthcare Settings 313
Karin Tanja Dijkstra and Claudia Campos Andrade
Chapter Overview 313
Introduction 313
The healthcare environment 315
Theoretical background 317
Importance of the healthcare environment for health and wellbeing 319
Effects of the healthcare environment on health and wellbeing 321
Research tools to guide design 324
Design examples 325
References 329
Further reading 333
13 Designing l\1ental and Behavioral Health Facilities:
Psychological, Social, and Cultural Issues 335
Kathryn H. Anthony and Kelly McCaffrey
Introduction 335
A brief overview of the prevalence of mental health issues 336
Effects of built and natural settings on well-being: suicide hotspots 336
A brief look at history: the role of mental health treatment centers
for two former First Ladies over a century apart 339
Stereotypes of mental health facilities in popular media 342
An overview of different types of mental and behavioral health
care facilities, including inpatient, residential, and outpatient 343
The importance of the design of mental health facilities and
the effects of the built environment on mental health: outpatient
and inpatient units 345
Exemplary designs for mental health care facilities 348
Designing mental health care facilities for special populations 352
Future trends associated with mental health treatment 356
Conclusion 358
Acknowledgments 358
References 358
Further reading 363
14 Memory Care and Alzheimer's Units 365
Margaret P. Calkins
Background 365
Theoretical basis for design for people living with dementia 367
Well-being and dementia 370
Macrosystem 371
Ecosystem 373
Mesosystem 376
Microsystem 377
Conclusion 381
References 382
15 Therapeutic Landscapes 387
Clare Cooper Marcus
Introduction 387
Stress reduction theory 387
Research on healing gardens and therapeutic landscapes 388
Post-occupancy evaluations of hospital gardens 389
Design guidelines for healing gardens 391
Patient-specific gardens 392
Gardens for those with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia 393
Gardens for the frail elderly 394
Children's hospital gardens 395
Gardens for hospital staff 398
Impediments to the provision of gardens and therapeutic landscapes in healthcare 401
Impediments to the use of gardens in healthcare 402
The future of therapeutic landscapes in healthcare 403
Beyond healthcare: Therapeutic landscapes and the wider urban environment 404
Creating green restorative spaces in places of potential stress 405
Bringing stressed people to existing green spaces 407
Conclusions 408
References 409
Further reading 413
Concluding Remarks 415
Index 425