CONTENTS
About the Authors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Book
1. The Setting 1
The Challenges of Rapid Motorization 1
Emergence of New Paradigms 6
Slow Application of the New Paradigms 11
This Book and Its Structure 12
References 15
2. The Response: From Enhancing Supply to Managing Demand 17
Background 17
The Emerging Paradigm 18
Strategies to "Manage" the Demand for Road Space 19
Increasing the Number of Passengers per Motor Vehicle 20
Discouraging the Ownership and Use of Personal Motor Vehicles 39
Promoting Nonmotorized Modes 45
Reducing the Average Number of Trips Made 46
Reducing the Average Length of Trips 47
Optimal Use of Available Road Capacity 49
Summary 50
References 51
3.The Objective: Looking Beyond Congestion 55
Background 55
The Emerging Paradigm 57
Improving Accessibility 60
Increasing the Quality, Safety, and Security of the Informal Public
Transport Sector 62
Improving Traffic Safety: Reducing Accidents and Fatalities 64
Improving Urban Public Health by Reducing Harmful Local Transport
Air Pollution Emissions 67
Impacting Energy Security 68
Adapt ing To and Mitigating Climate Change 69
Providing Safe, Secure Facilitie s for Nonmotorized as well as Motorized Transport: the "Comp lete Street " 70
Improving Public Transport Security for Women and Other Vulnerable Travelers 71
Summary 74
References 75
4. Public Transit: From Compulsion to Choice 77
Background 77
The Emerging Paradigm 79
A Case for a Differentiated Public Transport Industry 80
Summary: Em ergence of Public Transport as a Mode of Choice 97
References 98
5. Network Planning: From Segment to Whole Trip 101
The Current Situation 101
Factors Influencing Choice of Public Transpo rt 102
Ma king the Choice 106
The Emerging Paradigm 107
Key Challenges to System Inte gration Based on the "Who le Trip" Concept 110
The Experience So Far 116
Summary: Planning for the "Whole Trip" Exper ience as a Paradigm Shift 120
References 121
6. Powering Motor Vehicles: From IC Engines to Electric Batteries 123
Introduction 123
Problems With Petroleum Fuels 124
Recent Developments 127
Impact of the Recent Developments 134
Summary 136
References 137
7. Financing: From Users Pay to Beneficiaries Pay 139
Background 139
Traditiona l Approach to Finan cing 140
Emerging Paradig ms 141
Summary 157
References 157
8. Vehicles: From Independent to Networked 159
Emerging Paradigms 159
Connected Vehicles 160
Autonomous Vehicles 162
Summarizing 166
References 166
9. Transport Planning and Decision Making in the Age of Social Media: From Exclusivity to lnclusivity 169
The Problem 169
The Emerging Paradigm 173
Emergence of Communications as Central to the Transport Planning Process 175
Summary: Emergence of Communications as an Instrument of Change 194
References 195
10. Impact of the ICT Age 199
Introduction 199
Optimizing the Use of Fixed and Mobile Transportation Assets 200
Tracking Motor Vehicles 202
Enabling Seamless Use of Multiple Transport Modes 205
Fare Collection Systems 206
Data Collection Systems 207
Connected Vehicles 210
Autonomous Vehicles 211
Avoiding Crashes and Collisions 211
Summary 212
References 212
11. Looking Ahead 213
Change So Far 213
Change Ahead 216
Unintended Consequences of Emerging Technologies 226
Summary: Looking Ahead 227
References 229
Index 231