Table of contents
Certificate of Original Authorship xi
Certificate of Dissertation - Advisor’s consent xiii
Certificate of Dissertation - Program Chair’s consent xv
Undertaking xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Abstract xxi
List of Figures xxv
List of Tables xxvii
List of Maps xxix
List of Charts xxxi
Abbreviations Used xxxiii
CHAPTER 1 – LITERATURE REVIEW 3
1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY 3
1.1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.2 Air Pollution 5
1.1.2.1 Definition 5
1.1.2.2 Types of Pollutants 6
1.1.3 Causes 12
1.1.3.1 Air Pollutants Sources12
1.1.4 Health Impact of Pollutants 13
1.2 AIR POLLUTION STANDARDS 15
1.2.1 Global Standards by WHO 15
1.2.2 Indian Standards by CPCB16
1.3 INDIAN GOVERNMENT PROGRAMMES 17
1.3.1 National Air Monitoring Programme (NAMP)17
1.3.2 The System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research
(SAFAR) 17
1.3.3 National Clean Air Action Plan (NCAP)18
1.4 WAYS OF AIR QUALITY MONITORING 18
1.5 AIR QUALITY (AQ) INDEX19
1.5.1 Air Quality (AQ) Index (India) 19
1.6 AIR QUALITY PREDICTION MODELS 20
1.6.1 Why Prediction Models21
1.6.2 Input Parameters for Prediction Model21
1.7 LITERATURE SURVEY23
1.7.1 Geospatial Trends in Air Quality Monitoring 23
1.7.1.1 Use of satellite imagery 23
1.7.1.2 Use of GIS23
1.7.1.3 Prediction Models 23
1.7.2 Literature Study 24
1.7.3 Research Gap24
CHAPTER 2 - METHODOLOGY27
1.1 AIM27
1.2 OBJECTIVES 27
1.3 STUDY AREA 27
1.3.1 About Ahmedabad District27
1.3.2 Meteorological Parameters Values of Ahmedabad 28
1.4 DETAILED METHODOLOGY 29
1.4.1 Phase 1 - Literature Review30
1.4.2 Phase 2 - Data Collection31
1.4.3 Phase 3 - Data Processing32
1.4.4 Phase 4 - Data Analysis33
1.4.5 Phase 5 - Spatial & Pixel Based Air Quality Concentration Ranking Tool
33
CHAPTER 3 - DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING35
1.1 DATA COLLECTION35
1.1.1 Air Quality Satellites Time Series35
1.1.2 Pollutant wise Satellite Data Availability36
1.1.3 Air Quality Satellite Data Download Portals38
1.1.3.1 Google Earth Engine (GEE) 38v
1.1.3.2 Socio Economic data and Applications Center (SEDAC)38
1.1.3.3 GOSAT Data Archive Service (GDAS) 39
1.1.3.4 LAADS Earth Data39
1.1.3.5 Worldview40
1.1.3.6 Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES
DISC) 41
1.1.3.7 CO2 Data Portal 41
1.1.4 Air Quality Data Products used in Present Study 42
1.1.4.1 AURA OMI Ozone - OMTO3e 43
1.1.4.2 AURA OMI Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) - OMNO2d43
1.1.4.3 AURA OMI Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) - OMSO2e 44
1.1.4.4 MODIS Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) – MAIAC44
1.1.4.5 Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.544
1.1.5 Data Download45
1.1.5.1 Manual Download45
1.1.5.2 From Google Earth Engine 45
1.1.5.3 Using WGET 45
1.2 DATA PROCESSING48
1.2.1 Model Builder Tools 48
1.2.1.1 NetCDF to TIFF49
1.2.1.2 Annual/Monthly Mean Tool 50
1.2.2 Scripting51
1.2.2.1 Annual/Monthly Mean to Hotspot Tool 51
1.2.2.2 MODIS MAIAC Conversion Script 53
1.2.2.3 Smaller Tools53
1.2.3 Unit Conversion Models 54
1.2.3.1 Moles/m2 to Dobson Unit54
1.2.3.2 Molecules/cm2 to Dobson Unit 55
CHAPTER 4 – DATA ANALYSIS AND OUTPUTS57
1.1 SPATIAL ANALYSIS57
1.1.1 Hotspot Analysis 58
1.1.1.1 Getis-Ord Gi 58
1.1.2 Pearson Correlation Analysis
591.1.3 Regression Analysis 59
1.1.3.1 Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)60
1.2 SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS 60
1.2.1 Emerging Hotspot analysis (EHA)61
1.3 OUTPUTS – PM2.5 65
1.3.1 Annual Mean Rasters65
1.3.2 Trend Analysis over the years in the mean values66
1.3.3 Annual Hotspot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) – PM2.5 67
1.3.4 Emerging Hotspot Analysis – PM2.5 (2006-16)68
1.3.4.1 Steps Followed68
1.4 OUTPUTS - PM1069
1.4.1 Annual Mean Rasters69
1.4.2 Trend Analysis over the years in the mean values70
1.4.3 Annual Hotspot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) – PM10 71
1.4.4 Emerging Hotspot Analysis – PM10(2009-18)72
1.4.4.1 Steps Followed72
1.5 OUTPUTS – NO2 73
1.5.1 Annual Mean Rasters73
1.5.2 Trend Analysis over the years in the mean 74
1.5.3 Annual Hotspot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi)75
1.5.4 Emerging Hotspot Analysis – NO2 (2009-18)76
1.5.4.1 Steps Followed76
1.6 OUTPUTS – SO277
1.6.1 Annual Mean Rasters77
1.6.2 Trend Analysis of Annual Mean Values of SO2 over the Years78
1.6.3 Annual Hotspots of SO2 79
1.6.4 Emerging Hotspot Analysis – SO2 (2009-18)80
1.6.4.1 Steps Followed80
1.7 OUTPUTS – O3 81
1.7.1 Annual Mean Rasters81
1.7.2 Trend Analysis of Annual Mean Values of O382
1.7.3 Annual Hotspots of O383
1.7.4 Emerging Hotspot Analysis – O3 (2009-18)84vii
1.7.4.1 Steps Followed84
1.8 OUTPUT – AOT85
1.8.1 Annual Mean Rasters85
1.8.2 Trend Analysis of Annual Mean Values of AOT 86
1.8.3 Annual Hotspots87
1.8.4 AOT Monthly Hotspots 2017 88
1.8.5 AOT Seasonal Hotspot Analysis (201788
1.8.6 Graphical Analysis of AOT Monthly Mean Values of 2011 and 2017 89
1.8.7 Emerging Hotspot Analysis – AOT (2009-18)89
1.9 ANALYSIS W.R.T LANDUSE 90
1.9.1 Landuse Maps of Ahmedabad District for the years 2011 and 2017 90
1.9.2 Major Landuse of Hotspot Regions of Each Pollutant (2017) 90
1.9.3 Major Landuse of Hotspot Regions of Each Pollutant (2011) 91
1.9.4 Correlation with Landuse (2011)92
1.9.4.1 Scatter Plot Matrix 92
1.9.4.2 Regression Analysis – Ordinary Least Square (2011)92
1.9.5 Correlation with Landuse (2017)93
1.9.5.1 Scatter Plot Matrix 93
1.9.5.2 Regression Analysis – Ordinary Least Square (2017)93
1.9.6 Landuse Class wise Min & Max Values of Pollutants94
1.9.7 Graphical Analysis of Minimum and Maximum values in each Landuse
Class 95
1.9.7.1 AOT 95
1.9.7.2 Ozone (O3) 96
1.9.7.3 PM1097
1.9.7.4 PM2.598
1.9.7.5 SO2 99
1.9.7.6 NO2100
CHAPTER 5 – GENERATION OF ‘SATELLITE-BASED SPATIAL AIR
QUALITY INDEX TOOL’ 101
1.1 ABOUT THE TOOL 101
1.1.1 Usage 101
1.1.2 Pollutants Covered101
1.1.3 Tool Hierarchy101
1.1.4 Importance 102
1.1.5 Output Maps102
1.1.6 Limitations 102
1.2 SPATIAL AND PIXEL BASED AIR QUALITY CONCENTRATION RANKING TOOL
FLOW 103
1.3 DERIVING CONCENTRATION RANGES 103
1.3.1 Regression Method104
1.3.2 AOT Ranges 105
1.4 SATELLITE-BASED AIR QUALITY INDEX 105
1.5 CALCULATION OF SUB-INDEX106
1.6 SUB-INDEX TOOLS107
1.6.1 Input Parameters 107
1.6.2 Tools Used 107
1.6.3 PM2.5 Sub-Index Model107
1.6.3.1 Script for Calculating PM2.5 Sub-Index 107
1.6.3.2 Script for Calculating PM2.5 Sub-Index Class108
1.6.3.3 Script to Check with WHO Limit 108
1.6.3.4 Script to Check with CPCB Limit 109
1.6.3.5 Output Attribute Table109
1.6.3.6 PM2.5 Sub-Index Model Outputs109
1.6.4 PM10 Sub-Index Model 110
1.6.4.1 Script for Calculating PM10 Sub-Index110
1.6.4.2 Script for Calculating PM10 Sub-Index Class 110
1.6.4.3 Script to Check with WHO Limit 111
1.6.4.4 Script to Check with CPCB Limit 111
1.6.5 SO2 Sub-Index Model 111
1.6.5.1 Script for Calculating SO2 Sub-Index111
1.6.5.2 Script to Check with WHO Limit 112
1.6.5.3 Script to Check with CPCB Limit 112
1.6.6 NO2 Sub-Index Model112
1.6.6.1 Script for Calculating NO2 Sub-Index 112
1.6.6.2 Script to Check with WHO Limit 113ix
1.6.6.3 Script to Check with CPCB Limit 113
1.7 CATEGORY INDEX MODELS 113
1.7.1 Particulate Matter Category Model113
1.7.1.1 Input Parameters 113
1.7.1.2 Tools Used 113
1.7.1.3 Output 114
1.7.2 Trace Gases Category Model 114
1.7.2.1 Input Parameters 114
1.7.2.2 Tools Used 114
1.7.2.3 Output 114
1.8 OVERALL ANNUAL SATELLITE BASED AIR QUALITY INDEX MODEL 115
1.8.1 Input Parameters 115
1.8.2 Tools Used 115
1.8.3 Output 115
1.8.4 Tool Output Map116
CHAPTER 6 - LOCKDOWN 2020 IMPACT ON AIR POLLUTION LEVEL 117
1.1 LOCKDOWN 2020117
1.2 DATA USED 117
1.3 CHANGE IN NO2 LEVELS118
1.3.1 Analysis118
1.4 CHANGE IN SO2119
1.4.1 Analysis119
1.5 CHANGE IN O3120
1.5.1 Analysis120
1.6 CHANGE IN CO 121
1.6.1 Analysis121
1.7 CHANGE IN PM10 122
1.7.1 Analysis122
1.8 CHANGE IN PM2.5123
1.8.1 Analysis123
1.9 CHANGE IN AOT124
1.9.1 Analysis124
CHAPTER 7 - CONCLUSION127
1.1 PM2.5 127
1.2 PM10 127
1.3 NO2 128
1.4 SO2 129
1.5 AOT 129
1.6 O3 130
1.7 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL ANALYSIS CONCLUSION CHART 130
1.8 LOCKDOWN IMPACT CONCLUSION132
1.8.1 Conclusion Chart133
1.9 USE OF STUDY 134
1.10 WAY FORWARD 135
REFERENCESII
Appendix 1: Available Satellites for Air Quality Analysis and their Details XXIII
Appendix 2: Google Earth Engine Code to Download Air Quality Satellite Data. XXV
Plagiarism Report CopyXXXI