CONTENTS
Undertaking i
Certificate iii
Acknowledgments v
Abstract viii
Table of contents xii
List of Figures xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction of Topic 1
1.2 The Personal Experience 1
1.3 Giving as a Global Phenomena 2
1.4 Giving in the World 4
1.4.1 The Rise of the Middle Class 4
1.4.2 The Rise of the Super Rich 5
1.5 Giving in India 7
1.5.1 Social Relevance of Giving 8
1.5.2 The Early Days 8
1.5.3 Philanthropy during Colonialism 10
1.5.4 Indian Giving Post Independence 11
1.6 Types of Giving in India 14
1.6.1 Individual Giving 14
1.6.2 Corporate Giving 16
1.7 Types of Developmental Organizations in India 17
1.7.1 Charitable Trusts 17
1.7.2 Charitable Societies 19
1.7.3 Companies 20
1.8 What is a Charitable Cause 20
1.9 Legal Provisions of Giving in India 21
1.10 Trends in Individual Giving 23
1.11 Outline of Chapters 24
2. Review of Literature 27
2.1 Indian Body of Literature 27
2.1.1 Giving as Prevailing in India 28
2.1.2 Giving in Gujarat 30
2.3 Western Literature 31
2.3.1 Gift Giving in Anthropology 31
2.3.2 Social Exchange Theory 32
2.3.3 Theory of Planned Behavior 33
2.3.4 Altruism 34
2.3.5 Values 35
2.3.6 Giving When Solicited 36
2.3.7 Fit with Self Identity 37
2.3.8 Social Prestige and Recognition 38
2.4 Knowledge Gap in Existing Literature 40
2.5 Theoretical Framework 41
2.5.1 The Economics of Giving 41
2.5.2 Religious Ideology 47
2.5.2.1 Giving and Hinduism 47
2.5.2.2 Giving and the Bhagwad Gita 51
2.5.2.3 Giving in Jainism and Buddhism 54
2.5.2.4 Giving and Islam 56
2.5.2.5 Giving and Christanity 57
2.5.3 Primary and Secondary Socialization 58
2.5.4 Narrative Paradigm Theory of Communication 61
2.6 The Act of Giving 66
3. Research Method 69
3.1 Significance of Study 70
3.2 Objectives of the Study 70
3.3 Research Questions 70
3.4 Research Approach 71
3.5 Sampling Technique 71
3.5.1 Blind Peoples' Association 72
3.5.2 Visamo Kids 72
3.5.3 Samvedna 73
3.6 Instrument Design 75
3.7 Data Collection Procedure 76
3.8 Data Analysis 76
3.9 Scope and Limitation 78
4. Analysis and Discussion 79
4.1 Research Question: What are motivations that compel people to give? 79
4.1.1 What are the internal motivations that compel people to give? 79
4.1.1.1 Internal Satisfaction 79
4.1.1.2 Giving Back to the Society 80
4.1.1.3 Empathy 82
4.1.1.4 Inculcating Values in Children 83
4.1.2 What are the external motivations that compel people to give?.......84
4.1.2.1. Social Status 84
4.1.2.2 Income Tax Rebate 86
4.1.2.3 Social Recognition 87
4.1.2.4 Other Motivations 88
4.2 Research Question: What are the value systems of people who
typically give? 90
4.2.1 Who has influenced their values the most and how 90
4.2.1.1 Influenced by Parents 90
4.2.1.2 School and Teachers 91
4.2.1.3 Not influenced by Family or School 92
4.2.1.4 Nature of Influence 93
4.2.2 What role has religion played in creating values 94
4.2.2.1 Giving to Religious Causes as well 97
4.2.2.2 Influenced by their Parents' Religious Beliefs 99
4.2.3 How do people interpret karma in the context of their giving 101
4.3 Research Question: What are the narratives/stories people tell about their
giving 103
4.4 Research Question: How can the narratives/stories be transformed to
motivate others to give 107
4.4.1 What are their proposed action points for NGOs? 107
4.4.1.1 Why do you think other people give 108
4.5 Research Question: What are the stories that people have read or heard that
influenced them 109
4.5.1 What are the kind of stories/narratives that people have experienced
that has influenced their giving nature 109
4.5.2 Are the stories individual experiences of people they know or part of
a common body of knowledge 110
4.6 Thematic Analysis 111
4.6.1 Identification of Basic Themes 111
4.6.2 Identification of Organizing Themes 112
4.6.2.1 Influence of Parents and the Immediate Social Circle has
a strong social influence on the giving nature 112
4.6.2.2 The religious beliefs of our families and thoughts of others
outside the intimate circle influence the giver 113
4.6.2.3 People who give tend to believe in karma 114
4.6.2.4 Not Practicing the Same Religious Practices of Parents..….115
4.6.2.5 Wanting to raise kind children 115
4.6.2.6 Contribution towards Society 116
4.6.2.7 Sharing Giving Information with Others 116
4.6.2.8 Feeling of Internal Satisfaction Increases after Giving 116
4.6.2.9 Tax Benefits do not always motivate to Give 117
4.6.2.10 People Receive Social Recognition for their Giving 117
4.7 Global Themes 117
4.8 Discussion 121
4.8.1 The Economy of Transaction 121
4.8.2 Religious Ideology 122
4.8.3 Primary and Secondary Socialization 122
4.8.4 Theoretical Connect- Narrative Paradigm Theory 124
5. Conclusion 129
5.1 Findings 129
5.2 Theoretical Significance 132
5.3 Recommendations 134
5.4 Results 134
5.5 Future Research 135
References 137
Appendix 1: Interview Guideline 151
Appendix 2: Sample Transcription 153
Appendix 3: Details of Respondents 165
Appendix 4: Thematic Analysis 167