Contents
Undertaking i
Certificate iii
Acknowledgments v
Abstract i
Table of contents iv
List of figures x
List of tables xii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Need for study 2
1.3 Aim. 2
1.4 Objectives 2
1.5 Methodology 2
1.6 Scope and limitation 4
2 Components of Electric Mobility 6
2.1 Battery 6
2.1.1 Lithium-Ion battery and its types 6
2.1.2 Factors affecting battery choice 7
2.1.3 Environmental impact of batteries 8
2.2 Electric Vehicle 8
2.2.1 Evolution of EV: 8
2.2.2 Vehicle technologies: 8
2.2.3 EV Suppliers and their offerings: 10
2.3 Charging technology 10
2.3.1 Conductive charging 10
2.3.2 Inductive charging 11
2.3.3 Battery Swapping 11
2.4 Others 11
2.4.1 Battery management system 11
2.4.2 Battery charging standards 12
3 Battery swapping technology 14
3.1 Advantages 14
3.2 Disadvantages 15
4 Battery charging technology 16
4.1 Slow charging 16
4.1.1 Advantages: 16
4.1.2 Disadvantages: 16
4.2 Fast charging 17
4.2.1 Advantages: 17
4.2.2 Disadvantages: 17
4.3 Opportunity charging 17
4.3.1 Opportuning Charging at the overnight charging station 18
4.3.2 Ultra-fast charging 18
4.3.3 Pantograph: 19
5 Parameters of E- Mobility 20
5.1 Impacts of parameters on operational efficiency of transit network 20
5.1.1 Charging infrastructure 20
5.1.2 Electrification level 21
5.1.3 Cost 21
5.2 Interdependence of parameters of E-mobility 23
6 Case City: Ahmedabad 24
6.1 Background 24
6.2 BRT System Characteristics 25
6.2.1 Network 25
6.2.2 Depot 26
6.2.3 Routes 26
6.2.4 Electric Vehicle Characteristics 27
7 Key Performance Indicators 30
7.1 Energy Efficiency 31
7.1.1 Data collection 31
7.1.2 Analysis 33
7.2 Operational Characteristics of Electric vehicle 37
7.2.1 Data collection 37
7.2.2 Analysis 40
7.3 Cost efficiency 43
8 Impact Assessment of Bus Technologies by Scenario Comparison- single route 46
8.1 Scenarios 47
8.1.1 Scenario 1: Conventional buses 47
8.1.2 Scenario 2: Battery onboard buses with opportunity charging at the depot 47
8.1.3 Scenario 3: Battery onboard buses with opportunity charging near the terminal stop 47
8.1.4 Scenario 4: Battery swap technology buses 48
8.2 Schematic line diagram of the scenarios 48
8.2.1 Scenario 1: Conventional buses 51
8.2.2 Scenario 2: Battery onboard buses with opportunity charging at the depot 51
8.2.3 Scenario 3: Battery onboard buses with opportunity charging near terminal stops 51
8.2.4 Scenario 4: Battery swap technology buses 51
8.3 ENERGY EFFICIENCY 52
8.4 Land Requirement 54
8.5 Workforce Requirement 57
8.6 Operational efficiency 59
8.7 Cost efficiency 61
8.8 Results and Discussions 63
9 Impact Assessment of Bus Technologies by Scenario Comparison- On BRTS Network 67
9.1 Scenarios 67
9.2 Assessment Based on key performance Indicators 69
9.2.1 Energy Efficiency 69
9.2.2 Land requirement for charging/ swapping stations 70
9.2.3 Workforce requirement 73
9.2.4 Operational efficiency 74
9.3 Results and Discussions 76
10 Conclusion 79
References xiv
Appendix xvi