Contents
Undertaking i
Certificate iii
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vii
Table of Contents . ix
List of figures . xvii
List of tables xi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background . 1
1.2 Determining different concepts of multimodal integration: 2
1.3 Benefits of Multimodal integration: 3
1.4 Determining different levels of Integration as follows: 4
1.5 Need for the Study: 5
1.6 Aim: 5
1.7 Research question: 6
1.8 Objectives: 6
1.9 Methods 6
1.10 Research Methodology 6
1.11 Scope and Limitations: 8
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
2.1 Understanding User’s behaviour: 9
2.2 An overview of attitude towards transit users: 11
2.2.1 Factors influencing the shift from Public transport are as follows: 12
2.3 An overview of New mobility Services: 12
2.3.1 Overview of cab aggregated Service (Ola and Uber): 14
2.3.2 Service provided by Ola/Uber: 14
2.3.3 User’s perception to choose New mobility services: 14
2.3.4 The impact of Ola and Uber on cities: 15
2.3.5 Governance of New Mobility services: 15
2.4 Global overview of multimodal integration: 16
2.5 Review of mobility-as-a-service (MaaS): 17
2.5.1 Why mobility-as-a-service? 17
2.5.2 What is mobility as a service? 18
2.5.3 Components of MaaS: 18
2.5.4 Levels of MaaS Integration: 19
2.6 An Overview of MaaS related services: 19
2.6.1 Expectations from MaaS: 20
2.7 MaaS eco-system: 21
2.8 MaaS Business models: 22
2.8.1 How MaaS actually works? 22
2.8.2 Description of service models: 22
2.8.3 Types of MaaS operators / providers: 23
2.8.4 The Revenue Models of MaaS provider/operator: 24
2.8.5 The Legal status of MaaS operator/provider: 25
2.8.6 How to access the service? 26
2.9 Summary of Literature review 27
2.10 Conclusion: 29
3 CASE STUDY . 31
3.1 Whim: development of MaaS in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland: 32
3.1.1 Introduction: 32
3.1.2 Context: 32
3.1.3 Background: 32
3.1.4 Overview of Process: 32
3.1.5 What triggered the development of MaaS in Helsinki? 32
3.1.6 The process for implementing MaaS? 33
3.1.7 Role of Governance in implementing MaaS in HMA: 35
3.1.8 The Transport Code: 35
3.1.9 The story of Whim (MaaS Global): 37
3.1.10 Conclusion: 38
3.2 UbiGo, Gothenburg, Sweden (2012-14): 40
3.2.1 Introduction: 40
3.2.2 Context: . 40
3.2.3 About UbiGo Pilot: 40
3.2.4 Project funding: 40
3.2.5 Intention of the project: 40
3.2.6 Approach: 40
3.2.7 Methodology: 41
3.2.8 Analysis,,: 41
3.2.9 Service model: 42
3.2.10 Legal Status: 42
3.2.11 Revenue model: 42
3.2.12 Business model of UbiGo: 43
3.2.13 Benefits of UbiGo Business model: 44
3.2.14 Why UbiGo service discontinued after the pilot? 44
3.3 WienMobil, Vienna, Austria: 46
3.3.1 Introduction: 46
3.3.2 Context: . 46
3.3.3 Intention of the project: 46
3.3.4 Approach: 46
3.3.5 Actors Involved: 46
3.3.6 Service model: 47
3.3.7 Legal status of the MaaS operator: 47
3.3.8 Revenue model: 47
3.3.9 Business Model: 47
3.3.10 Conclusion: 49
3.3.11 Current status: 49
3.4 Comparative study of all three case studies: 50
4 CASE CITY : AHMEDABAD 53
4.1 Survey analysis: 54
4.1.1 Survey results of users from BRTS stations and AMTS bus stops: 54
4.1.2 Summary of Surveyed Results of PT users: 57
4.1.3 Survey Results of Auto-rickshaw driver: 57
4.1.4 Explaining the business model of Ola/Uber: 58
4.1.5 Ola/Uber Surge or dynamic pricing: 60
4.1.6 Current situation of Ola Cabs in Ahmedabad: 60
4.2 Considering the first case: Integrating Public transport and Auto- rickshaws: 62
4.2.1 Hypothetical Scenario (1): 62
4.2.2 Conclusion: 64
4.3 Considering the second case: integrating Public transport and Ola/Uber. 65
4.3.1 Hypothetical scenario (2): 66
4.3.2 Conclusion: 67
4.4 Considering the third case: Integrating Public transport and Public bicycle sharing (PBS). 68
4.4.1 MYBYK: 68
4.4.2 Yulu Bikes: 68
4.4.3 Hypothetical Scenario (3): 69
4.5 Testing the models: 71
4.5.1 Financial viability 71
4.5.2 Operational Viability (Legislation Barriers): 73
4.5.3 Willingness to use the service. 77
4.5.4 Can New Mobility Services complement Public transport? 78
5 CONCLUSION 79
5.1 Conclusion: 79
5.2 Discussion and Analysis: 80
5.2.1 Is MaaS a feasible approach to integrate PT, IPT and NMS in Indian cities, irrespective of their separate ownership and management? 80
5.2.2 Who must initiate the MaaS project, Public or private sector? 81
5.2.3 If MaaS is introduced in Indian cities, will the operators be interested in offering or participating as one of the operators/actors of MaaS? 81
5.2.4 Will the existing operators like PTA, new mobility services co-operate/allow to purchase the tickets at discounted rate and resell them to the users at his own price? 82
5.2.5 Will the operators and PTA willing to share their data, APIs with the third party? . 83
5.2.6 Are the current policy and regulatory framework enough to implement MaaS in Indian cities or any additional legislation must be proposed? 83
5.3 Recommendations: 84
5.3.1 For Government: 84
5.3.2 For Public Transport: 85
5.3.3 For Market: 85
5.3.4 For the City 86
5.4 Future scope for research: 86
References lxxxvii
Appendix xciv