Content
Abstract 9
Acknowledgement 11
Table of Contents: 13
List of Tables 17
List of Figures 19
01. Introduction 23
1.1 Trends observed in port-city association: 23
1.2 The Mumbai Harbour 24
1.3 Development of Port activities along the Eastern coast of the Island city 25
1.3.1 Geographical Setting: 25
1.3.2 Oceanography: 25
1.3.3 Meteorology: 25
1.3.4 Strategic Location along major sea-trade routes: 25
1.4 Ports and Port activities along the Mumbai Harbour 26
02. A historical overview of Mumbai’s port lands 29
2.1 The landscape of Mumbai prior to the inhabitation by Kolis 29
2.2 The landscape of Mumbai during the period of inhabitation by Kolis 30
2.3 Events from 1651 to 1853: Mumbai becomes a colonial mercantile town 31
2.4 Events from 1853 to 1947: Mumbai becomes a colonial industrial city 32
2.5 Events from 1947 to 2000: Mumbai becomes a post-independence commercial city 33
2.6 The association between the Island city and Mumbai’s historic port post-2000 A.D 34
2.6.1 Unequal Densities: 35
2.6.2 Barriers between the island city and the historic port area: 35
3.1 Deindustrialization 37
3.2 Change in the profile of cargo handled by Mumbai Port 37
3.3 Other factors responsible for decline of Port activites in the island city 38
4.1 Vision for the redevelopment of Mumbai’s historic ports 39
4.2 Proposed land-use according to Mumbai Port
Waterfront and Port Land Development Report 39
4.3 Proposed land-use according to Development Plan 2021-2034 40
05. Case studies 41
5.1 Ports along R. Maas (Old Ports and City Ports), Rotterdam 41
5.2 Ports along R. Singapore, Keppel Container Terminal and Pasir Panjang Terminal in Singapore 43
5.3 Toronto’s Inland Port, Toronto 44
06. Framework for the study and proposal 47
6.1 Aim: 47
6.2 Objective: 47
6.3 Methodology: 48
6.3.1 Conceptual Framework 48
6.3.2 Analytical framework 49
6.3.3 Valuation 49
6.3.4 Cues 49
6.4 Scope: 50
6.5 Limitations: 50
07. Mumbai Port and discerning the genius of the site 51
7.1 An introduction to the MbPT precincts: 51
7.2 Sense of Place 52
7.2.1 Wadala Estate 52
7.2.2 Wadala-Sewri Estate 52
7.2.3 Cotton Depot 52
7.2.4 Charcoal and Grain Depot 53
7.2.5 Mazgaon Reclamation 53
7.3 Meteorology 54
7.3.1 Global Climatic Zones 54
7.3.2 Characteristics of Mumbai’s climate: 54
6.3.3 Winds 54
7.3.4 Rainfall: 55
7.3.5 Characteristic weather phenomenon: 56
7.3.6 Relative humidity: 56
7.3.7 Cloudiness: 56
7.3.8 Visibility: 56
7.3.9 Temperature: 56
6.4 Oceanography 57
6.4.1 Tides: 57
6.4.2 Tidal Currents: 57
7.4.3 Changing tidal trends observed in Mumbai Harbour: 58
7.4.4 Waves: 59
7.4.5 Cyclones: 59
7.4.6 Port related industries around the Mumbai Harbour: 59
7.4.7 Environmental Pollution in Mumbai Harbour: 60
7.4.7.1 Water quality measurement: 60
6.4.7.2 Concentration of inorganic compounds in the Mumbai Harbour: 60
7.4.7.3 Concentration of PAH’s in the Mumbai Harbour: 60
7.4.7.4 Concentration of organic chemical residues in the Mumbai harbour: 61
7.4.8 Salinity in the Mumbai Harbour: 62
7.4.8.1 Salinity fluctuations in the Sewri Bay: 62
7.4.9 Environmental degradation observed in Mumbai Harbour: 62
7.4.10 Discerning the genius of Mumbai Harbour: 62
7.4.10.1 Scenic Value (Water): 62
7.4.10.2 Site suitability for visual associations with water: 64
7.4.10.3 Site suitability for physical associations with water: 65
7.4.10.4 Existing water transit networks: 66
7.4.10.5 Marine Wildlife Value 67
7.4.10.6 Edge Conditions: 68
7.4.11 Cues for the proposal: 69
7.4.11.1 Cues for the proposal from the genius of the site: 69
7.4.11.2 Cues for the proposal from Case examples: 69
7.5 Geology: 70
7.5.1 Geological formation of Mumbai: 70
7.6 Hydrogeology 72
7.6.1 Hard Rock Areas: Deccan Trap Basalt 72
7.6.2 Soft Rock Areas: Alluvium 72
7.7 Ground Water conditions: 72
7.8 Seismology: 76
7.8.1 Seismic Zones: 76
7.8.2 Fault lines in the vicinity of Mumbai’s Historic Port area: 76
7.8.3 History of earthquakes in Greater Mumbai: 77
7.8.4 The increasing risk of Earthquakes in Mumbai 78
7.8.5 Vulnerability of Mumbai’s historic port area in the event of an earthquake due to local conditions: 78
7.9 Discerning the genius of the site: Suitability for construction of skyscrapers 81
6.10 Existing seasonal waterbodies 82
6.11 Slope and Elevation 83
7.14 Biodiversity in the MbPT lands: 84
7.14.1 Mangroves 84
7.14.1.1 Zonation observed in the mangroves at Sewri bay 85
7.14.1.2 Increase in mangrove cover in the Bay from 2000 – 2018 86
7.14.1.3 Trends responsible for the increase in mangrove cover in the Bay 86
7.14.2 Faunal Diversity 87
7.15 Utilising the current natural processes for restoring the environment 88
7.15 The port landscape: A case of Man-nature confluence: 89
7.15.1 The landscape of untrodden lands 89
7.15.2 The unused track landscape 89
7.15.3 The ephemeral landscapes: 90
7.15.4 Landscape of the open storage areas 90
7.16 Discerning the genius of the site: Suitability for creating neighbourhood parks 92
7.17 The existing port infrastucture: Types of warehouses 93
7.17.1 Warehouses with potential for reuse 94
7.18 The existing port infrastucture: Abandoned railway tracks with reuse potential 95
08. Proposal 97
8.1 The three identities for Mumbai’s historic port 97
09. Adaptibility and Impacts of the proposal 99
9.1 Adaptibility and Impacts on the larger region comprising the Mumbai Harbour: 99
9.2 Adaptibility and Impacts on the city of Mumbai: 100
10. References 101
A. Appendices 103
A1. Birds found in the Sewri-Mahul creek: 103
A2. Mangroves found in the Sewri-Mahul creek: 107
A3. Newspaper articles on silting in Mumbai Harbour: 108
A3.1 India: Mumbai Harbor Faces Silting Problem 108
A3.2 Mumbai port drowning in silt 108
A4. Newspaper articles on the risk of earthquakes in Mumbai: 109
A4.1 Mumbai’s eastern suburbs most vulnerable to earthquakes, finds IITBombay study 109
A4.2 Mumbai is at risk of earthquake, ex-IIT professor warns against highrises 110
10. Plates