000			07841nam a2200169Ia 4500
020			_a8131601781
082			_a001.42 _bCAR
100			_aCargan, Leonard _95279
245			_aDoing social research _hBook
260			_aJaipur,New Delhi etc _bRawat Pubs. _c2008
300			_axv,343P.
500			_aPreface xiii 1 The Scientific Method 1 Introduction: Taking the Course 1 Doing Social Research 3 Scientific Requirements 3 The Range of Questions 5 Applied and Pure Research 6 Types of Inquiry 6 Research for Social Studies 8 Social Studies Impacts 8 Social and Sociological Problems 8 Research Methods 9 The Possibilities 10 Conclusion: The Text 10 The Classical Studies 12 Student Projects 13 Questions 13 Exercises 14 2 Designing the Research Project 15 Introduction: Establishing the Purpose of the Study 15 Positive Factors 15 Negative Factors . 17 The Literature Review 18 The Search 19 The Design of the Study 24 The Methods 26 Concluding the Design 27 Conclusion: Reviewing the Process 27 Student Projects 28 Questions 28 Exercises 28 3 The Conceptual Framework 29 Introduction: The Function of the Conceptual Framework 29 The Theory 30 Inductive Logic 31 Deductive Logic 31 Concept Mapping 32 The Role of the Hypothesis 33 The Needs of a Good Hypothesis 34 The Components of the Hypothesis: Variables and Concepts 36 The Question of Causality 39 Conclusion: The Contributions of the Conceptual Framework 40 Student Projects 41 Questions 41 Exercises 41 4 The Research Proposal 43 Introduction: The Research Proposal 43 The Explanation 43 The Study 44 Non-Experts 45 Types of Research 47 Affecting Factors 48 Common Research Methods 49 Conclusion: The Terminology 51 Student Projects 52 Questions 52 Exercises 52 5Collecting Data 53 Introduction: Measurement 53 Method Classifications 54 Obtrusive Methods 54 Unobtrusive Methods 56 Using Available Data 56 Content Analysis: Means and Uses 61 Secondary Analysis 64 Advantages and Disadvantages of Available Data 64 Conclusion: More Than One 66 Student Projects 66 Questions 66 Exercises 66 The Classic Studies Classic Example Using Available Government Statistics: Suicide: A Study in Sociology, by Emile Durkheim 69 Classic Example Using Content Analysis of Available Documents: The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, by William I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki 78 Collecting the Data: Utilizing the Survey 89 Introduction: The History of the Survey 89 Advantages and Disadvantages 90 Types 90 The Self-Administered Questionnaire 91 Tasks of Construction and Development 92 Question Types 93 Question Preparation 94 The Problems 95 Different Techniques for Conducting a Survey 98 Administration 98 The Telephone 98 The Mailed Questionnaire 99 The Internet 101 The Interview 105 Tasks of Construction 105 Tasks of Administration 106 Special Interviewing Techniques 110 The Focus Interview 110 The Depth Interview 111 The Telephone Interview 112 Conclusions: Advantages and Disadvantages 116 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Self-Administered Questionnaire 116 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Interview 117 Which Method to Choose 121 Student Projects 121 Questions 121 Exercises 121 The Classic Studies Classic Example Using the Survey Questionnaire: The American Soldier: Adjustment during Army Life (volume 1) and The American Soldier: Combat and Its Aftermath (volume 2), by Samuel A. Stouffer et al. (1949) 123 Classic Example Using the Survey Interview: An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, by Gunnar Myrdal (1944) 131 Classic Example Using the Survey Depth Interview: Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953), by Alfred C. Kinsey, Wendell B. Pomeroy, and Clyde E. Martin 135 Collecting the Data: Making Scientific Observations 141 Introduction: Scientific Observation 141 Advantages and Disadvantages of Scientific Observation 142 Aids in Recording Behavior 145 Types of Scientific Observation 146 Means of Scientific Observation 147 Nonparticipant Observer 147 Participant Observer 147 The In-between Observer 152 Conclusion: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Types of Scientific Observation 154 Student Projects 154 Questions 154 Exercises 155 The Classic Studies Classic Example Using Detached Observation: Interaction Process Analysis: A Method for the Study of Small Groups, by Robert F. Bales (1951) 157 Classic Example Using Participant Observation: Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum, by William Foote Whyte (1943) 164 Classic Example Using Unstructured Observation: We, the Tikopia: A Sociological Study of Kinship in Primitive Polynesia, by Raymond Firth (1936) 172 Collecting the Data: Conducting an Experiment 175 Introduction: Tasks of Experiments 175 Types of Experiments 176 The Settings for Experiments 177 Designs for Conducting Experiments 179 Validity 184 Conclusion: The Decisions 185 Student Projects 186 Questions 186 Exercises 186 The Classic Studies Classic Example Using a Laboratory Experiment: Management and the Worker, by F. J. Roethlisberger and William J. Dickson (1939) 187 Classic Example Using a Field Experiment: Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robbers Cave Experiment, by Muzafer Sherif, O. J. Harvey, B. Jack White, William R. Hood, and Carolyn W. Sherif (1961) 195 Collecting the Data: Some Special Designs 203 Introduction: Different Designs for Special Needs 203 The Case Study 203 The Community Study 205 The Longitudinal Study 206 Conclusion: Current Use of These Special Designs 209 Student Projects 209 Questions 209 Exercises 209 The Classic Studies Classic Example Using a Case Study: Union Democracy: The Internal Politics of the International Typographical Union, by Seymour Martin Lipset, Martin Trow, and James S. Coleman (1956) 211 Classic Example Using a Community Study: Middletown: A Study in American Culture (1929) and Middletown in Transition (1937), by Robert and Helen Lynd 216 Classic Example Using a Panel Analysis: The People's Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign, by Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet (1944) 223 10 Analyzing the Data: Some Important Questions 229 Introduction: Analysis and the Research Question 229 Problems of Measurement: Validity and Reliability 229 Validity 230 Reliability 233 Problems of Measurement: Sample Type 235 Sample Size 236 Sampling Error 238 Sample Selection 239 Problems of Measurement: Scales 244 Scale Types 245 Sophisticated Scales 247 Conclusion: Needs 254 Scaling Needs 255 Student Projects 256 Questions 256 Exercises 257 11 Analyzing the Data: Some Important Tools 259 Introduction: Tools of Analysis 259 Tasks 259 The Need for Coding 260 Reliability 261 Special Problems 261 Codebooks 262 Graphic Displays 262 Matrices 263 Networks 265 Statistics for Testing and Explaning 265 Parametric Numbers: Descriptive and Inferential Numbers 266 Nonparametric Numbers: Frequency Distribution; Central Tendency; Dispersion 267 Inferential Statistics 270 The Latest Entry in Data Analysis: The Computer 273 Conclusion: The Need for Verification 276 Student Projects 277 Questions 277 Exercises 277 12 Concluding the Study 279 Introduction: Presenting the Material 279 Statement of the Problem 281 Description of Method 282 Presentation of Results 282 Interpretation 282 Writing the Report 282 The Abstract 287 Conclusion: Other Possible Needs 288 Student Projects 289 Questions 289 Exercises 289 Appendixes A. Basic Research Guide for the Design of a Social Research Problem 291 B. A List of Websites for Research 295 C. A Guide to Sociological Journals 301 D. The Research Grant Proposal 307 E. Job Titles for Sociology Trainees 311 Glossary 313 References: The Classic Studies 321 References 325 Index 331
600			_941530
890			_aIndia
891			_aFP
942			_2ddc
999			_c8345 _d8345