000			05155 a2200157 4500
020			_a9780471509448
082			_a720.288 _bWEA
100			_aWeaver, Martin E. _989792
245			_aConserving buildings : guide to techniques and materials
260			_aNew York _bJohn Wiley & Sons _c1997
300			_axiv,270p.
505			_aContents 1 A General Introduction to the Conservation of Buildings 1 Reference 2 2 Investigating Old Buildings 3 Measuring Historic Buildings and Structures 3 Recording for Possible Future Use 4 Surveying and Recording for Contract Use 4 Structural Survey Records 5 Categories of Structural Cracks 5 Access to Structures for Investigations 6 A Preuse Checklist for Access Systems 8 The Inspection Kit 10 References 11 3 The Study of Building Materials 12 Reference 12 4 Restoring and Repairing Old Wooden Structures 13 Historic Timberwork 13 A Question of Species 14 Historic Timber Structures 16 Log Structures 16 Unusual Timber Structures 17 Further Reading 17 The Nature of Wood 18 Moisture Contents and Shrinkage 19 Wood Deterioration 19 Physical, Chemical, and Mechanical Factors 20 Biodeterioration 23 Bacteria 23 Fungi 23 Types of Fungi 25 Molds 26 Sapstains 26 Insects 26 Marine Borers 34 Plants 34 Animals 36 The Timber Defects Survey 36 Repair and Restoration 39 Wood Restoration and Conservation 39 Partial or Complete Replacement 40 Mechanical Reinforcement 40 Consolidation by Impregnation 42 Reinforcement Systems and Consolidation 43 Pesticides and Preservatives 46 The Development of the Use of Chemicals Against Pests 48 References 57 5 Restoring Stonework 58 Research 58 The Conservation of Stonework 71 Building and Monumental Stones of the United States 84 Names and Descriptions of Stones 84 Sources 87 Stone Conservation Case Histories 88 6 Architectural Ceramics 99 Bricks 99 Terracotta 109 Conclusion 131 Appendix on Current Manufacturers 132 References 132 7 Cementitious Materials 133 Mortars 133 Concrete 141 Plaster 147 References 158 Plaster Conservation Case History 159 8 Cleaning Masonry 161 Categories of Masonry Materials 161 Categories of Soiling and Solvents 162 Pollution Controls 173 Future Directions 174 Reference 174 9 Architectural Metalwork 175 General Introduction 175 Origins 175 Chemical and Physical Deterioration 175 Qualities and Alloys 175 Temperature and Pressure Effects 176 Atomic Structure 177 Galvanic Corrosion 179 Cathodic Protection 181 Forms of Corrosion 181 Iron and Steel 181 Repainting 187 Sheet Copperwork 190 Bronzes and Copper Alloys 199 References 215 10 Paints and Coatings (by Frank G. Matero) 216 Painting Materials 216 Pigments 216 The Vehicle or Medium 218 Paint Systems 220 Paint Failure and Common Deterioration Mechanisms 221 Paint Investigation and Analysis 222 Restoration and Conservation Treatment Techniques 226 Removal Methods 226 Retention Methods 228 Reattachment 228 Cleaning 229 Replication and Compensation 229 Bibliography 231 11 Architectural Glass 232 Glass Materials and Manufacture 232 Glass 233 Colored Glass 233 Glass Types 233 Forming the Glass 233 Glass Deterioration 234 Glass Formulae and their Effects on Durability 235 Crizzling and Weeping Glasses 235 Lead Glasses and their Deterioration 235 Increases in Opacity 236 The Deterioration of Painting on Glass 236 Describing Different Forms of Deterioration 236 Leaded Glass 236 Durability of Glasses in the Built Environment 236 The Conservation and Restoration of Glass and Glazing 237 References 238 12 Foundations and Footings 239 The Nature and Problems of Old Foundations and Footings 239 Piling 240 Soils and Rock 241 Differential Settlement 241 Continuous Underpinning 245 Prestressing and Pretesting 245 Piled Underpinning 246 Jacked Piling 246 Root Piles or Pale Radici 246 Cantilever Underpinning 247 Seismic Isolation Retrofitting 247 Bibliography 248 References 248 13 Restoring Slate Roofing 249 Approaching Restoration 249 The Nature of Slate and Some Inherent Problems 249 Faults Associated with Quarrying, Transport, and Laying 250 Failures in Slate Roofing Systems and Fixings 251 Underlays and Substructures 251 Restoration Criteria 251 Dimensions 251 Textures, Forms, Patterns, and Types 252 Colors and Sources 252 Further Reading 253 14 Synthetic Resins, Polymers, and Preservation 254 Plastics 254 Natural and Historic Synthetic Resins and Polymers 254 Resins Plus What? 256 Resins and Plastics in Conservation 256 Acrylics 256 Cellulosics 256 Polyvinyls 256 Epoxides 257 Polyesters 257 Silicones 257 Siliconates 257 Silanes 257 Oligomerous Alkylalkoxysiloxanes 258 Polymeric Alkylalkoxysiloxanes 258 Silicic Acid Esters 258 References 258 Further Reading 259 15 Historic Wallpapers 260 The Attachment of Wallpapers 262 The Care and Preservation of Wallpapers 262 The Reproduction of Old Wallpapers 263 Further Reading 264 Index 265
890			_aUSA
891			_aFA
942			_2ddc
999			_c69181 _d69181
650			_aIndia _aBuilding materials _aArchitecture--Conservation and restoration--Technique