000			05370nam a2200193Ia 4500
999			_c68299 _d68299
008			201105s9999 xx 000 0 und d
082			_aP TH-2412 _bKOT
100			_aKothari, Shuchita (PG180985) _987281
245		0	_aContribution of vehicular pollution to air quality (Softcopy is also available)
260			_c2020
300			_ax,92,vii,31p.
505			_aContents Undertaking i Certificate iii Acknowledgments v Abstract viii Table of Contents x List of figures 1 List of tables 4 1 INTRODUCTION 7 1.1 Background of the Study 7 1.2 About Ahmedabad City 9 1.2.1 Demography 9 1.2.2 Climate 9 1.2.3 Emission Sources Activities 10 1.3 Objective of the project . 10 1.4 Need of the Study 10 1.4.1 Current Air Pollution Levels: Earlier Studies 10 1.4.2 Seasonal Variation of Air Quality . 11 1.5 Scopes and Limitations of the Project. 12 1.6 Literature Review 12 1.6.1 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) 12 1.6.2 National Air Quality Index (AQI) 14 1.6.3 Interrelation between Meteorological Factors and Pollution. 14 1.6.4 Variations in Pollution Levels 15 1.7 Approaches to the Study 17 1.7.1 Selection of the Site. 17 1.7.2 Transport Emission Inventory and Source Profiles 17 1.7.3 Two Different Approaches 17 1.7.4 Methodology of the Study 18 1.7.5 Data Collection Plan 20 2 AIR QUALITY 22 2.1 Monitoring Stations 22 2.1.1 Location, Land-use of Monitoring Stations. 23 2.1.2 Yearly Trends of Pollutants 24 2.1.3 Comparison with the NAAQS 25 2.1.4 Pollutants and Land-use 27 2.2 Variations in Air Quality 28 2.2.1 Seasonal Variations 28 2.2.2 Temporal Variation within the day 29 2.2.3 Weekends v/s Weekdays 31 2.2.4 Festive Variations 32 2.2.5 Relationship with Meteorological Factors 33 2.3 Ambient Air Quality 2020 v/s 2019 35 2.3.1 January 35 2.3.2 February 37 2.4 Coronavirus Lockdown 41 2.5 Ahmedabad v/s Indian Cities 46 3 EMISSION INVENTORY 48 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Methodology 48 3.2.1 Fuel Efficiency Method 48 3.2.2 ASIF Method 49 3.2.3 Vehicular Kilometre Travelled Method 49 3.3 Data Collection Process and Findings 51 3.3.1 Vehicle Registration and Categorization 51 3.3.2 Fuel Wise Categorization 52 3.3.3 BS Norms and Emission Factors 54 3.3.4 Trips Generated and Trip Lengths 55 3.4 Emissions Generated 56 3.4.1 Total Emissions by Mode 57 3.4.2 Total Emissions by Fuel 58 3.4.3 Total Emissions per capita 59 3.5 Emissions by ASIF Method 60 3.6 Contribution to Air Quality 61 4 FUTURE SCENARIOS 64 4.1 Scenarios and Assumptions 64 4.1.1 Initiatives and Development 64 4.1.2 Assumptions. 65 4.2 Future Scenarios Parameters 66 4.2.1 Population 66 4.2.2 Vehicle Registrations 66 4.2.3 Mode Share 67 4.2.4 Fuel Usage Pattern 68 4.3 Future Scenario Emissions 69 4.3.1 Do Nothing 69 4.3.2 Business as Usual 71 4.3.3 Moderate Scenario 74 4.3.4 Rapid Scenario 76 4.4 Scenario Comparison 78 5 HEALTH IMPLICATIONS 80 5.1 Impacts of Air Pollution 80 5.2 India Specific Findings 81 5.3 Ahmedabad Specific Findings 82 6 ADOPTION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES 84 6.1 Challenges for Rapid Scenario 84 6.1.1 Production of Energy 84 6.1.2 Lack of Charging Infrastructure 85 6.1.3 Subsidies for Private vehicles 86 6.1.4 Battery Dependency and Cost 86 6.1.5 Driving Range and Recharge Time 86 6.1.6 Battery Recycling 87 6.1.7 Shortage of Skilled labour 87 6.2 Facilitators for Rapid Scenario 87 6.3 EV Recommendations 88 6.4 Other Recommendations 88 7 CONCLUSION 91 References xiii Appendix 1: Fuel Content xvi Appendix 2: Emission Factors xix
700			_aShivanand Swamy, H. M. (Guide) _987282
700			_aBhakuni, Nitika (Guide) _987283
890			_aIndia
891			_a2018 Batch
891			_aFP-PG
891			_aMaster of Urban Transport Systems