000			14599 a2200181 4500
999			_c55565 _d55565
020			_a9788122438048
082			_a363.73 _bKHO
100			_aKhopkar, S. M. _917698
245			_aEnvironmental pollution : monitoring and control
250			_aEd.2
260			_aNew Delhi _bNew Age International (P) Ltd. _c2018
300			_axx,563p.
505			_aCONTENTS Preface to the Second Edition vii Preface to the First Edition ix 1. Introduction 1-31 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Environmental Chemistry, 1 1.3 Environmental Chemical Analysis 2 1.4 Impact of Man on Environment 3 1.5 Interaction with Various Spheres of Environment 5 1.6 Ecology and Environment 5 1.7 Classification of Environmental Pollution 6 1.8 Air Pollution 7 1.9 Water Pollution 13 1.10 Industrial Waste Water 16 1.11 Pollution due to Sewage 18 1.12 Solid Waste, Hazardous Waste and Biomedical Waste 19 1.13 Other Kinds of Pollution 20 1.14 Conclusion 29 2. Environmental Analysis 32-40 2.1 Introduction 32 2.2 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 32 2.3 Criteria of Selecting a Method of Analysis 32 2.4 Errors in Analysis 33 2.5 Statistical Analysis 33 2.6 Sampling 34 2.7 Dissolution of the Sample 35 2.8 Elimination of Interferences 35 2.9 The Quantitative Analysis 37 2.10 Completion of Analysis 37 2.11 Environmental Legislation 38 2.12 ConClusion 39 3. Modern Methods of Analysis 41-70 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Separation Methods 42 3.3 Chromatographic Methods 42 3.4 Partition Chromatography 43 3.5 Gas Chromatographic Separations 44 3.6 Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometry 44 3.7 High Performance Liquid Chromatography 45 3.8 Ion Exchange Chromatography 47 3.9 Ion Chromatography 48 3.10 Solvent Extraction Method 49 3.11 Classical Methods of Analysis 51 3.12 The Classification of Spectroscopy Methods 52 3.13 Molecular Absorption Spectrophotoscopic Methods 53 3.14 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Method 57 3.15 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 61 3.16 Molecular Luminescence Method 63 3.17 Electroanalytical Techniques 65 3.18 Radioanalytical Methods 67 3.19 Ring Oven Technique 68 3.20 Conclusion 69 4. Statistical Methods in Environment 71-82 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Various Types of Deviations 71 4.3 Criteria for Rejection of Results as well as What is Median Value and Range? 72 4.4 Significance of Test, Student 'T' Test and 'F' Test 73 4.5 Regression Analysis and Anova 74 4.6 Confidence Limit 76 4.7 Graphic Representation and Probability of Distributions 80 4.8 Accuracy, Reproducibility 81 4.9 Method of Least Squares 81 4.10 Conclusion 82 5. Environmental Toxicology 83-122 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Principles of Toxicology and Standards 83 5.3 Types of Toxic Pollutants 87 5.4 Common Toxic Manifestations 88 5.5 The Biological Sampling 89 5.6 Threshold Limiting Value (TLV) 91 5.7 Toxic Metal Pollutants and Their Analysis 91 5.8 Toxic Gas and Nonmetal Pollutants 103 5.9 Organometallic Compounds 104 5.10 Toxic Inorganic Compounds 104 5.11 Toxic Organic Compounds and Pesticides 107 5.12 Environmental Carcinogens 112 5.13 Cancer 116 5.14 Toxic Minerals and Dust 120 5.15 Conclusion 120 6. Environmental Chemistry of Common Toxic Metals 123-135 6.1 Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic and Mercury and Environmental Hazards 123 6.2 Metals in Environment 123 6.3 Toxic Metals and Human Health 125 6.4 Speciation of Metal Pollutants 127 6.5 Arsenic in Environment 128 6.6 Lead in Environment 130 6.7 Cadmium in Environment 131 6.8 Mercury in Environment 132 6.9 Monitoring and Control Measures 134 6.10 Conclusion 134 7. Air Pollution Analysis 136-182 7.1 Introduction 136 7.2 History 138 7.3 Composition of Atmosphere 141 7.4 Effects of Air Pollution 144 7.5 Global Effects of Pollution 149 7.6 Sources of Pollution 155 7.7 Natural Sources 158 7.8 Mobile Sources 159 7.9 Autoexhaust Emission-Characterisation and Analysis 160 7.10 Working of Engine 161 7.11 Characteristics of Emission 163 7.12 Ambient Air Quality Measurement 165 7.13 Sampling of Gaseous Pollutants 169 7.14 Analysis of the Gaseous Pollutants 171 7.15 Sulphur Dioxide Analysis 172 7.16 Analysis of Sulphurated Hydrogen 173 7.17 Analysis of Oxides of Nitrogen 174 7.18 Analysis of Oxides of Carbon 176 7.19 The Analysis of Ozone from the Atmosphere 177 7.20 Analysis of Ammonia from Atmosphere 178 7.21 Organic Air Pollutants 179 7.22 Conclusion 181 8. Air Pollution and Meteorology 183-225 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Meteorological Parameters 185 8.3 Monitoring and Analysis 194 8.4 Monitoring of Gaseous Pollutants 199 8.5 Monitoring Oxides of Carbon 206 8.6 Monitoring of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) 208 8.7 Monitoring of Ammonia 212 8.8 Monitoring of Ozone 212 8.9 •Monitoring of Metal Pollutants at Trace Level 213 8.10 ' Ambient and Stack Emission Monitoring 215 8.11 Control of Autoexhaust Emission 218 8.12 Control of Air Pollution in Stacks 219 8.13 Future Developments in Monitoring 223 8.14 Conclusion 223 9. Water Pollution 226-266 9.1 Introduction 226 9.2 Physical Examination of Water, Chemical Characteristics and Biological Studies 227 9.3 Physical Examination of Water 228 9.4 Chemical Characterisation of Water 235 9.5 Minor Components of Water 240 9.6 Important Trace Elements in Water 247 9.7 Biological Investigation of Water 250 9.8 Microbiological Examination of Water 254 9.9 Water Pollution and Diseases 257 9.10 Water Borne Diseases 259 9.11 Conclusion 264 10. Water 'freatment 267-299 10.1 Introduction 267 10.2 Important Steps in Water Treatment 267 10.3 Filtration 271 10.4 Disinfection 272 10.5 Removal of Iron and Manganese 276 10.6 Softening of Water or Removal of Hardness 277 10.7 The Membrane Separation and Reverse Osmosis 281 10.8 Removal of Colour 281 10.9 Corrosion Prevention 282 10.10 Taste and Odour Removal 283 10.11 Fluoridation 284 10.12 Treatment of Water for Specific Purpose 285 10.13 Organic Compounds Characterisation 286 10.14 Removal of Organic Compounds from Water 287 10.15 Biological Activated Carbon for Mitigation of Growth 288 10.16 Analysis of Organic Pollrltants from Water 289 10.17 Frequency of Analysis 290 10.18 Water Quality Monitoring Ins ments 293 10.19 Type of Water Quality Instruments' 294 10.20 Perspective Planning for Future 297 10.21 Conclusion 297 11. Waste Water 300-333 11.1 Introduction 300 11.2 Effluent Treatment and Legislation 301 11.3 Characteristic of Waste Water 302 11.4 Treatment Processes for Waste Water 310 11.5 Characterisation of Waste Water 314 11.6 Physical Methods for Characterisation of Waste Water 316 11.7 Analysis of Organic Pollutants 319 11.8 Specific Analysis of Organic Pollutants 323 11.9 Analysis of Metal Pollutants from Waste Water 324 11.10 Analysis of Non-metals and Gases 329 11.11 Automation in Effluent Analysis 330 11.12 Conclusion 331 12. Recycling and Reuse of Waste Water 334-345 12.1 Introduction 334 12.2 Charactristics of Waste Water 335 12.3 Treatment of Waste Water for Reuse 337 12.4 Recycle and Reuse of Treated Waste Water 339 12.5 Health Guidelines before Reuse of Waste Water 341 12.6 Recycled Water-Use in Metropolitan Cities 343 12.7 Conclusion 344 13. Sewage 346-367 13.1 Introduction 346 13.2 Objective and Methods of Treatment 346 13.3 What is Domestic Effluent or Sewage 346 13.4 Treatment of Sewage 348 13.5 Primary Treatment of Sewage 349 13.6 Chemical Treatment of Sewage 349 13.7 Biological Treatment 350 13.8 Tertiary Treatment of Sewage 356 13.9 Disposal of Sewage and Sludge 358 13.10 Characterisation of Sewage 359 13.11 Analysis of Sewage 360 13.12 Analysis of Oxygen in Various State 361 13.13 Biological Analysis 366 13.14 Conclusion 366 14. Land Pollution and Pesticides 368-401 14.1 Introduction 368 14.2 Environmental Chemistry of Soil 368 14.3 Irrigation of Soil by Waste Water 370 14.4 Agricultural Pollution and Health 373 14.5 Role of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in the Soil 374 14.6 Micronutrients in Soil 374 14.7 Quantitative Analysis of Micronutrients 377 14.8 Characterisation of Soil 378 14.9 Trace Element in Soil Analysis 380 14.10 Environmental Pesticides 382 14.11 Classification of Pesticides 384 14.12 Dilemma of DDT 387 14.13 All about Polychlorinated Bisphenol (PCB) 388 14.14 Degradation of Pesticides in Water 392 14.15 Effects of Some Pesticides on Health 394 14.16 Pesticide Agriculture and Pollution 395 14. 17 Analysis of Pesticides 397 14.18 Characterisation of Pesticides by Specific Methods 398 14.19 Polarographic Analysis 400 14.20 Spectrophotometric Analysis 400 14.21 Conclusion 400 15. Solid Waste 402-411 15.1 Introduction 402 15.2 Adverse Effects on Health 402 15.3 Source of Solid Waste 403 15.4 Characteristics of Solid Waste 406 15.5 Transportation of Solid Waste 407 15.6 Processing of Solid Waste 408 15.7 Physical Treatment of Waste 408 15.8 Chemical Treatment of Waste 408 15.9 Biological Treatment of Solid Waste 409 15.10 Recycling of Waste 409 15.11 Disposal of Solid Waste by Landfilling 410 15.12 Control of Liberated Gases and Leachates 410 15.13 Conclusion 410 16. Hazardous Waste 412-423 16.1 Introduction 412 16.2 Definition of Hazardous Waste 412 16.3 Characteristics of Hazardous Waste 414 16.4 Source of Hazardous Waste 415 16.5 Analysis of Hazardous Waste 415 16.6 Transportation of Hazardous Waste 418 16.7 Treatment of Hazardous Waste 420 16.8 Disposal of Hazardous Waste 421 16.9 Conclusion 422 17. Biomedical Waste 424-431 17.1 Introduction 424 17.2 Characterisation of Biomedical Waste 424 17.3 Transportation of Biomedical Waste 425 17.4 Treatment of Biomedical Waste 426 17.5 Disinfection of Medical Waste 426 17.6 Incineration of Infectious Waste 428 17.7 Other Methods of Treatment 429 17.8 Disposal of Treated Medical Waste 429 17.9 Waste Minimisation 429 17.10 Medical Waste of Unusual Type 430 17.11 Occupational Safety 430 17.12 Conclusion 430 18. Biomonitoring of an Environment 432-438 18.1 Introduction 432 18.2 Biomonitoring by Animals 435 18.3 Bioindication with Biochemical Techniques 436 18.4 Biomonitoring with Microbes 436 18.5 Conclusion 437 19. Environment and Noise 439-464 19.1 Introduction 439 19.2 What is Noise? 442 19.3 What is Difference between Sound and Noise? 443 19.4 Noise and Vibrations 445 19.5 Sources of Noise Pollution 446 19.6 Noise and Health 450 19.7 Noise Level Measurement 453 19.8 Noise by Transportation 455 19.9 Sonic Boom 456 19.10 Impulsive Noise 457 19.11 Anechoic Chamber and Reverberating Sound 459 19.12 Noise Topographs 459 19.13 Control of Noise 461 19.14 Case Studies 462 19.15 Conclusion 463 20. Odour and Environment 465-480 20.1 Introduction 465 20.2 Source of Odour 466 20.3 Sampling of Odour 466 20.4 Measurement of Odour 468 20.5 Odour Determination in Water 470 20.6 Judgement of Odour Measurement 473 20.7 Odour-Nitrogen and Sulpijur Cycle in Nature 474 20.8 Chemical Constitution and Odour 475 20.9 Control of Odour 476 20.10 Conclusion 479 21. Thermal Pollution 481-490 21.1 Introduction 481 21.2 Source of Thermal Pollution 481 21.3 Effects of Discharge of Heat on Environment 483 21.4 Side Effects of Thermal Pollution 484 21.5 Control of Thermal Pollution 484 21.6 Prevention of Thermal Pollution 485 21.7 Measurement of Thermal Pollution 485 21.8 Impact of Heat on Living Organisms 486 21.9 Thermal Streams, Impingement and Applications 487 21.10 Thermal Power Plants 488 21.11 Flyash as the Environmental Pollutant 489 21.12 Conclusion 489 22. Radioactive Waste and Environment 491-509 22.1 Introduction 491 22.2 Effects of Ionising Radiation on Life 491 22.3 Source of Radiation 492 22.4 Radiation Standards 494 22.5 Nuclear Energy 494 22.6 Effect of Nuclear Fuel Cycle on Environment 495 22.7 Monitoring of Radiation 496 22.8 Characterisation of Radioactive Waste 498 22.9 Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Waste 500 22.10 Hazards of Radioactive Waste and Management 503 22.11 Classical Methods for Management of Waste 504 22.12 Successful Programme of Disposal 504 22.13 Management and Human Problem of Intrusion 505 22.14 Waste Management Programme in World 506 22.15 Conclusion 508 23. Energy and Environment 510-516 23.1 Introduction 510 23.2 Source of Energy and Its Use 510 23.3 The Regulations Pertaining to Energy 510 23.4 Management of Energy in Future 511 23.5 Alternative Source of Energy 511 23.6 Nuclear Energy 512 23.7 Radioactive Waste and Its Control 515 23.8 Fossil Fuels and Environment 515 23.9 Conclusion 516 24. Population and Environment 517-523 24.1 Introduction 517 24.2 Problems of, Population on Environment 519 24.3 Population of the Developing Countries and Environment 520 24.4 Population in Urban World and Environment 521 24.5 Environmental Advantage of Urban Setting 522 24.6 Monitoring and Control of Population 522 24.7 Conclusion 523 25. Environmental Impact Assessment 524-532 25.1 Introduction 524 25.2 What is EIA? 524 25.3 EIA Under National Environmental Policy Act 525 25.4 Myth about EIA 526 25.5 EIA in Action 526 25.6 Problems in EIA Formulation 527 25.7 Cost Benefit Analysis of EIA 527 25.8 Implementation of EIA 528 25.9 Case Studies No. 1Water Quality Impact Analysis Dam Project 528 25.10 Case Studies No.2: Skyscrapser Structures Construction in Big Cities 529 25.11 Case Studies No.3: Super Express Highways Construction 529 25.12 Case Studies No. 4: Impact of Nuclear Power Plant 530 25.13 Conclusion 531 26. Environmental Modelling 533-541 26.1 Introduction 533 26.2 Purpose of Modelling 533 26.3 Problems in Modelling 534 26.4 Simulation Modelling and System Analysis 535 26.5 Environmental Simulation Modelling 535 26.6 Air Pollution Control Models 536 26.7 Modelling for Assessment of Water Quality 537 26.8 Water Resource Management Model 538 26.9 Solid Waste Generation Model 538 26.10 Experience in Modelling Abroad 538 26.11 Scope for Improvement 539 26.12 Conclusion 540 Appendices 542-544 Index 545-563
600			_943108
890			_aIndia
891			_aFT
942			_2ddc