000			01671 a2200169 4500
020			_a9780415447539
082			_a745.409 _bSTE
100			_aSteadman, Philip _934453
245			_aEvolution of designs : biological analogy in architecture and the applied arts
260			_aLondon _bRoutledge _c2008
300			_axvii,302p.
505			_aCONTENTS List of IIllustrations ix Acknowledgements xiii Preface to the revised edition xv 1Introduction 1 2. The Organic Analogy 8 3. The Classificatory Analogy: Building Types and Natural Species 21 4. The Anatomical Analogy: Engineering Structure and the Animal Skeleton 31 5. The Ecological analogy : Trial and error in the evolution of artefacts and Organism 54 6. The Darwinian Analogy: Trial and Error in the Evolution of Organisms and Artefacts 71 7. The Evolution of Decoration 99 8. Tools as Organs or as Extensions of the Physical Body 119 9. How to Speed up Craft Evolution 131 10. Design as Process of Growth 145 11.Biotechnics: Plants and Animals as Inventors 153 12. Hierarchical Strcuture and the Adaptive Process : Biological analogy in Alexander’s Notes on the Synthesis of Form 163 13. The Consequences of the Biological Fallacy: Functional Determinism 179 14. The Consequences of the Biological Fallacy: Historical determinism and the deniel of Tradition 201 15. What Remains of the Analogy? The History and Science of the artificial 217 Afterword : Developments since 1980 237 Notes 274 Index 295
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890			_aUK
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999			_c54813 _d54813