000			09482nam a2200181Ia 4500
020			_a8131805964
082			_a628.43 _bPUN
100			_aPunmia, B. C. & others
245			_aWastewater engineering : including air pollution
250			_aEd.2
260			_aNew Delhi _bLaxmi Publications [P] Ltd. _c2008
300			_axv,660p.
440			_aEnvironmental engineering series _v2
500			_aCONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Sanitary Engineering 1 1.2. Historical Developments 1 1.3. Important Terms and Definitions 4 1.4. Wastewater Treatment Systems 6 1.5. Wastewater Management 7 CHAPTER 2. COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE OF SEWAGE 2.1. Systems of Waste and Sewage Disposal 10 2.2. Conservancy System 11 2.3. Water Carriage System 12 2.4. Comparison and Choice of The Two Systems 14 2.5. Classification of Water Carriage System 14 CHAPTER 3. WASTEWATER FLOW RATES 3.1. General 20 3.2. Dry Weather Flow 20 3.3. Factors Affecting Dry Weather Flow 21 3.4. Variations in Rate of Sewage 25 3.5. Storm Water Flow 30 3.6. Rational Method 30 3.7. Empirical Formulae 38 CHAPTER 4. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF SEWERS 4.1. Introduction 47 4.2. Hydraulic Formulae 48 4.3. Nomograms/Tables For Hydraulic Computations 50 4.4. Minimum Velocity of Flow 55 4.5. Maximum Velocity of Flow 58 4.6. Hydraulic Elements of Circular Sewers 60 4.7. Egg Shaped Sewers 79 4.8. Other Sewer Sections 84 4.9. Storm Water Drains 86 CHAPTER 5. CONSTRUCTION OF SEWERS 5.1. Introduction : Types of Sewers94 5.2. Materials For Sewers 95 5.3. Joints in Sewers 101 5.4. Shapes of Sewers 103 5.5. Forces on Sewers 104 5.6. Loads on Sewers Due to Back Fill 105 5.7. Superimposed Loads on Conduits 116 5.8. Safe Supporting Strength and Bedding Conditions 120 5.9. Planning of Sewerage System 128 5.10. Layout and Construction of Sewer Lines 129 5.11. Testing of Sewer Lines 135 5.12. Cleaning and Maintenance of Sewers 136 5.13. Ventilation of Sewers 142 CHAPTER 6. SEWER APPURTENANCES 6.1. Introduction 145 6.2. Inlets 145 6.3. Catch Basins or Catchpits 147 6.4. Clean Outs 147 6.5. Manholes 147 6.6. Drop Manhole 150 6.7. Lampholes 151 6.8. Flushing Tanks 152 6.9. Grease and Oil Traps 154 6.10. Inverted Siphons 155 6.11. Storm Regulators 160 CHAPTER 7. SEWAGE PUMPING 7.1. Introduction : Necessity 165 7.2. Problems in Sewage Pumping 165 7.3. Pumping Stations 166 7.4. Types of Pumps 171 7.5. Power For Pumps 176 CHAPTER 8. WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS 8.1. Introduction : Constituents of Sewage 180 8.2. Characteristics of Wastewater 181 8.3. Cycles of Decomposition 183 8.4. Physical Characteristics 8.5. Chemical Characteristics and their Determination 192 8.6. Oxygen Demand 197 8.7. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 197 8.8. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 205 8.9. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 206 8.10. Total Oxygen Demand (TOD) 206 8.11. Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD) 207 8.12. Relative Stability 207 8.13. Population Equivalent 208 8.14. Biological Characteristics 217 CHAPTER 9. NATURAL METHODS OF WASTEWATER DISPOSAL 9.1. Introduction223 9.2. Disposal by Dilution 224 9.3. Types of Receiving Waters For Dilution225 9.4. Self Purification of Natural Streams226 9.5. Oxygen Sag Analysis 229 9.6. Dilution into Sea 247 9.7. Disposal by Land Treatment248 9.8. Comparison of Disposal Methods 253 CHAPTER 10. UNIT OPERATIONS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT 10.1. Unit Operations and Processes 256 10.2. Physical Unit Operations 257 10.3. Chemical Unit Processes258 10.4. Biological Unit Processes259 10.5. Methods of Treatment of Wastewater 260 10.6. Methods of Sludge Processing and Disposal 268 CHAPTER 11. PRELIMINARY TREATMENT 11.1. Introduction 276 11.2. Racks and Screens 278 11.3. Comminutors and Barminutors283 11.4. Grit Chambers 284 11.5. Design of Grit Chambers285 11.6. Proportional Flow Weir 289 11.7. Parshall Flume With Parabolic Section of Grit Chamber 291 11.8. Disposal of Grit294 11.9. Aerated Grit Chambers295 11.10. Detritus Tanks296 11.11. Skimming Tanks296 11.12. Vacuum Floatation 298 CHAPTER 12. SEDIMENTATION AND CHEMICAL CLARIFICATION 12.1. Introduction306 12.2. Types of Settlings307 12.3. Settling of Discrete Particles308 12.4. Types of Settling Tanks311 12.5. Horizontal Flow Sedimentation Tank315 12.6. Design of Sedimentation Tanks 318 12.7. Chemical Clarification 322 12.8. Type 2 Settling : Ftoccutent Settling328 CHAPTER 13. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT I : SEWAGE FILTRATION 13.1. Introduction 331 13.2. Biological Treatment Techniques 332 13.3. Types of Sewage Filters 333 13.4. Intermittent Sand Filters 333 13.5. Contact Beds 335 13.6. Trickling Filters 337 13.7. Construction of Conventional Trickling Filters340 13.8. Loading, Efficiency and Performance of Conventional Trickling Filters 345 13.9. Merits and Demerits of Conventional Trickling Filters 346 13.10. High Rate Filtration 353 13.11. Recirculation and Trickling-Filter Flow Sheets 357 13.12. Process. Design and Efficiency of Trickling Filters 360 13.13. Proprietary Types of High Rate Filters365 13.14. Secondary Clarifiers (Humus Tanks) 380 13.15. Trickling Filter Troubles and Remedies 382 13.16. Other Types of Filters383 CHAPTER 14. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT II : ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS 14.1. Introduction 387 14.2. Activated Sludge Process mechanism 387 14.3. Aeration Units 391 14.4. Diffused Air System 391 14.5. Mechanical Aeration Systems396 14.6. Combined Mechanical and Diffused Air System 401 14.7. Aeration Tank Loading Criteria 401 14.8. Sludge Production and Process Control 408 14.9. Oxygen Requirements and Control 414 14.10. Aeration Tank Design Considerations415 14.11. Activated-Sludge-Treatment Systems 423 1442. Secondary Settling 431 14.13. Operational Difficulties 441 14.14. Advantages and Disadvantages 442 14.15. High-Purity-Oxygen Activated Sludge442 CHAPTER 15. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT III : MISCELLANEOUS METHODS 15.1. Oxidation Ditch 447 15.2. Stabilization Ponds (Oxidation Ponds)457 15.3. Aerobic Ponds (Algae Ponds) 459 15.4. Anaerobic Ponds 461 15.5. Facultative Ponds (Oxidation Ponds)463 15.6. Aerated Lagoons472 15.7. Rotating Biological Contactors473 CHAPTER 16. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE 16.1. Introduction 476 16.2. Sludge Treatment Processes 477 16.3. Amount and Characteristics of Sludge478 16.4. Sludge Thickening or Concentration 487 16.5. Anaerobic Digestion491 16.6. Aerobic Digestion503 16.7. Sludge Conditioning 505 16.8. Sludge Dewatering 506 16.9. Final Disposal of Sludge 508 CHAPTER 17. SEPTIC AND IMHOFF TANKS 17.1. Septic Tanks 513 17.2. Design and Construction Features 514 17.3. Effluent Disposal in Septic Tanks517 17.4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Septic Tanks521 17.5. Leaching Cesspools 523 17.6. Imhoff Tanks524 17.7. Imhoff Tank Design Considerations 525 17.8. Advantages and Disadvantages of Imhoff Tanks526 17.9. The Ciarigester531 CHAPTER 18. ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT 18.1. Introduction533 18.2. Suspended Solids Removal534 18.3. Diatomaceous-eanh Filters535 18.4. Ultrafiltration 535 18.5. Granular Media Filtration 536 18.6. Adsorption by Activated Carbon540 18.7. Phsophorus Removal 541 18.8. Nitrogen Removal 544 18.9. Biological Nitrification-denitrification545 18.10. Ammonia Stripping550 18.11. Physico Chemical Wastewater Treatment551 18.12. Disinfection of Sewage : Chemical Oxidation 552 CHAPTER 19. INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT 19.1. Introduction 555 19.2. Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater 556 19.3. Methods of Treatment557 19.4. Dairy Industry 558 19.5. Cane Sugar Industry Wastewater 560 19.6. Distillery and Brewery Wastewater 560 19.7. Petrochemical Industries Waste562 19.8. Textiles Industries Waste 564 19.9. Paper and Pulp Mills Waste 566 CHAPTER 20. HOUSE DRAINAGE 20.1. General Principles569 20.2. Principles of Mouse Drainage 569 20.3. Pipes and Traps 570 20.4. Classification of Traps 571 20.5. Floor Trap or Nahni Trap572 20.6. Gully Trap572 20.7. Intercepting Traps 573 20.8. Grease Traps574 20.9. Sanitary Fittings 574 20.10. Systems of Plumbing580 20.11. House Drainage Plans 582 CHAPTER 21. RURAL SANITATION 21.1. Introduction 584 21.2. Rural Sanitation584 21.3 Collection and Disposal of Dry Refuse 585 21.4. Collection and Disposal of Sullage586 21.5. Disposal of Excretal Waste586 21.6. Night Soil Disposal without Water Carriage : Previes586 CHAPTER 22. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL 22.1. Introduction 591 22.2. Quantity and Composition of Refuse 592 22.3. Collection and Removal of Refuse592 22.4. Transport of Refuse 593 22.5. Disposal of Refuse 593 22.6. Composting 597 CHAPTER 23. AIR POLLUTION 23.1. Introduction : Definitions 601 23.2. The Biosphere and Environment602 23.3. Causes of Air Pollution 603 23.4. Composition of Atmospheric Air 604 23.5: Classification and Sources of Air Pollutants604 23.6. Characteristics of Important Air Pollutants 608 23.7. EffecX of Air Pollution 613 23.8. Meteorological Aspects of Air Pollution Dispersion 616 23.9. Plume Rise and Effective Height of Stack 623 23.10. Dispersion Equations. 625 23.11. Design of Stack Height628 23.12. Air Pollution Control Methods and Equipment634 23.13. Equipment for Control of Particulate Pollutants636 23.14. Control of Gaseous Pollutants 643 APPENDIX649 INDEX 655
890			_aIndia
891			_aSchool of Building Science & Technology, CEPT Uni.
999			_c37038 _d37038
650			_aSewage disposal _aSanitary engineering _aAir--Pollution