000			07800nam a2200157Ia 4500
020			_a8180698645
082			_a307.772 _bSAG
100			_aSagar, Vidya A.
245			_aSustainable livelihoods : collection and marketing of NTFP by scheduled tribes with special reference to north coastal Andhra Pradesh
260			_aNew Delhi _bConcept Pub. Co. _c2012
300			_a269p.
500			_aCONTENTS Acknowledgements 5 List of Tables 13 List of Appendix Tables and Annexure 15 List of Abbreviations19 List of Botanical Names 23 1. Introduction25 Role of Forests in the Economy 25 Place and Role of Forests in Tribal Life-Dependence of Tribals on Forests 27 Significance of Non-Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) in the Tribal Economy 28 Scope of the Study31 Objectives of the Study34 Methodology 35 Chapterisation 37 2. Profile of the Tribal Areas of North Coastal Andhra (NCA) 40 Introduction 40 Geographical Location of NCA 40 The Tribal Areas of NCA 41 Flora and Fauna of the Forests of NCA 42 Visakhapatnam District 42 Vizianagaram District 43 Srikakulam District 43 Size and Composition of Tribal Population in NCA 44 Tribal Communities in NCA 45 Literacy Level of Tribals in NCA 49 Occupational Distribution of Tribals in NCA 50 Distribution of Landholdings and Average Size of Holdings of Tribals in NCA 50 Area Irrigated by Source52 Crop Pattern 52 Infrastructure Facilities53 Medical Care 54 Educational Institutions 54 Road Connectivity 55 Electricity 56 Marketing 56 Summing Up 56 3. Forest and NTFP Policies and Tribals Access to NTFP 58 Introduction 58 National Policies on Forests and Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Areas (PESA) 58 The Gist of 1894 Forest Policy 59 The Gist of 1952 Forest Policy 60 The Gift of 1988 Forest Policy 63 (a) Salient Features of 1988 Forest Policy 63 (b) Joint Forest Management (JFM) in the Country 64 (c) Implementation of 1988 Forest Policy with reference to JFM in Andhra Pradesh 64 (d) The Community Forest Management (CFM) Programme 65 (e) The Sustainability of Vana Samarakshana Samiti (VSS) and its Limitations 166 (f) Legal and Political Framework for Tribals Issues Related to NTFP and Policies on Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Areas (PESA) and Joint Forest Management (JFM) 69 NTFP Policies of the States and Need for a Uniform Policy 71 Forests in Tribal Lives 71 Institutional Structure in the States Controlling NTFP 72 Status of Procurement ofMFP by Federations in Different States 73 Functional Arrangement in the States Trading in NTFP 75 Payment of Taxes by Traders 79 Privileges to Tribals through Insurance 79 Benefit Sharing 79 Implications of implementing the NTFP Trade policies-Nationalised Produce 81 Summing Up 82 4. Production and Extraction of NTFP in North Coastal Andhra 84 Introduction 84 Sources of Data and the Techniques used in the Analysis 85 About the Trees Providing Prominent NTFP in NCA and the Methods of Collection and Uses 86 Adda Leaf 86 Gum Karaya 87 Cleaning Nuts 88 Rock Bee Honey 88 Myrobalans 89 Mohua Seed89 Naramamidi Bark90 NUX vonrica 91 Seeded Tamarind91 Hill Brooms92 Wild Brooms92 Cum Olibanum92 Sheekakai 93 Marking Nuts 94 Pungam Seed 94 Seasonality in the Collection of NTFP in NCA 94 Trends in the Growth and Instability in the Collection of NTFP in NCA 96 Cyclical Variations in the Collection of NTFP in NCA 100 Analysis of Primary Data 101 Dependence of Tribals, on NTFP102 Stistairtability of NTFP Collection as a Source of Livelihood for Tribals103 Summing Up111 Pricing and Marketing of NTFP in North Coastal Andhra113 Introduction 113 Methodology 114 Marketing of NTFP 114 Marketing of NTFP through Open Markets115 Marketing of NTFP through GCC 116 Procurement Prices vs. Sale Prices 118 Trends in the Growth and Instability of Procurement and Sale Prices of NTFP in NCA: 1991-92 to 2002-03 123 Cyclical Variations in the Procurement and Sale Prices of NTFP in NCA 124 Price Policy of GCC 125 Need for Minimum Support Prices126 Need for a Change in Marketing Strategies 127 Summing Up 127 6. Organization, Objectives, Hierarchy, Government Support and Activities of Girijan Cooperative Corporation (GCC) 130 Introduction 130 Origin of GCC 130 Expansion of the Activities to all Scheduled Areas of Andhra Pradesh 132 Objectives of GCC 134 Share Capital 135 Organisational Hierarchy and Flow Chart 137 Institutional Arrangement in the Service of Tribals in Scheduled Areas138 Divisional Managers heading the Divisional Offices in Sub-Plan Mandals 138 Managers heading the Girijan Primary Cooperative Marketing Societies (GPCMS) 138 The Role of Credit-cum-Purchase Assistants (CCPA) in GPCMS 139 The Role of the Godown Assistant 139 Salesman and Domestic Requirement Depots in the Proximity of Tribal Areas 139 Role of Self Help Groups140 Government Support through Monopoly Procurement Rights vested in GCC 140 Reasons for Delisting of Certain Items of Minor Forest Produce from Procurement by GCC 143 Lease Agreement with Forest Department 143 Other Concessions from the Government- Reimbursement of Establishment Cost 144 Activities of GCC 144 NTFP Operations 144 Pricing of NTFP 147 In situ Processing Centres to Create Employment to Tribal Women 150 Value Addition and Brand Equity 151 R & D Initiatives of GCC 153 Sustaining the Growth and Tribal Dependence on NTFP over a period of time 159 Supply of Domestic Requirements through Public Distribution System (PDS)159 Training Programmes 161 Regeneration ofNTFP Species 163 Credit Activity 163 Summing Up 164 7. Policy Suggestions for Sustainable Management of NTFP and Improvement of Tribal Livelihoods 167 Introduction 167 Forest Policies, Limitations and Recommendations 167 National Forest Policies 167 Joint Forest Management (JFM) 168 Limitations of Joint Forest Management168 Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Areas (PESA) and its Limitations in its Implementation by the States 168 PESA vs. Joint Forest Management 169 Need for an Active Role of State Level Agencies/ Tribal Development Cooperative Corporations (TDCCs) in implementing PESA 170 Proposed Policy to link TDCCs and Panchayats170 Working Arrangements with Grama Sabhas in the context of GCC 171 Limitations and Policy Recommendations for Strengthening TDCCs 171 Limitations of TDCCs 172 Need for Strengthening TDCCs 172 Recommendations for Strengthening TDCCs 173 Recommendations for a Regional NTFP Policy 174 Role of Funding Agencies in Implementing Tribal Development Activities 175 Limitations of NGOs 176 Recommendations for Active Convergence between State Agencies 177 Recommendations for Effective Coordination among the Ministries under Government of India for Effective Implementation of Policies 178 Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) 179 Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) 179 National Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation (NSTFDC) 180 Ministry of Health 180 Ministry of Commerce 180 Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) 181 Policy Recommendations for Qualitative Procurement, Sustainable Management and Regeneration Programmes for NTFP 181 Summing Up 183 8. Summary and Conclusions 185 An Appraisal: 185 Of Tribals and Governance185 Of Physical, Human, and Economic Geography of Tribais 186 Of Objectives, Methodology, and Sources 187 Major Conclusions 188 Policy Suggestions 194 TDCCs to act as Single Channelizing Agencies 195 forming a National Level NTFP Board to Monitor and Guide the NTFP Activities of TDCCs195 Confederation of Regional States195 Active Convergence between State Agencies 196 Effective Coordination between the Ministries under the Government of India for Effective Implementation of Policies 197 Appendices 199 Bibliography 258 Index 262
890			_aIndia
891			_aSchool of Planning, CEPT Uni.
999			_c33395 _d33395