000			05381nam a2200157Ia 4500
020			_a0231144946
082			_a551.69 _bCRO
100			_aCronin, Thomas M.
245			_aPaleoclimates : understanding climate change past and present
260			_aNew York _bCloumbia Uni. Press _c2009
300			_axv,iii,441p.
500			_aCONTENTS List of Tables xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Abbreviations xvii 1 Paleoclimatology and Modern Challenges 1 Introduction 1 The Earth's Climate System 2 Causes of Climate Change 17 Feedbacks 18 Modern Challenges and Paleoclimatology 20 Perspective 24 2 Methods in Paleoclimatology 27 Introduction 27 Archives of Past Climate Changes 28 Geochronology 31 Proxies in Paleoclimatology 38 Paleoclimate Modeling 47 Perspective 55 Landmark Papers : Paleoclimate Data-Modeling Research (Barren et al. 1981; Barren and Washington 1985) 55 3 Deep Time : Climate from 3.8 Billion to 65 Million Years Ago 57 Introduction 57 Early Earth, Faint Sun Paradox, and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide 58 Snowball Earth : Neoproterozoic Climate Cycles 59 Phanerozoic Climate Change 64 Jurassic and Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events and Greenhouse Climate 72 Mesozoic Climate and Pole-to-Equator Thermal Gradients 77 Perspective 79 Landmark Paper: Oceanic Anoxic Events and Global Warmth (Schlanger and Jenkyns 1976) 79 4 Cenozoic Climate 81 Introduction 81 Cenozoic Paleoclimate Programs and Proxies 82 Major Features of Cenozoic Climate 86 Mechanisms of Cenozoic Climate Change 90 Extreme Climate States 101 Perspective 111 Landmark Paper : Greenhouse and Icehouse Climate States : The Cenozoic Era (Fischer 1981) 111 5 Orbital Climate Change 113 Introduction 113 Astronomical Processes and Calculations 114 Historical Development of Orbital Theory 120 Paleoclimate Records of Orbital Variability 124 Uncertainties, Mysteries, and Paradoxes in Orbital Theory 130 Orbital Hypotheses and Mechanisms 139 Perspective 146 Landmark Paper : Orbital Variations: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages (Hays et al. 1976) 147 6 Glacial Millennial Climate Change 149 Introduction 149 Meridional Overturning Circulation and Hysteresis 154 Chronology for Millennial-Scale Climate 156 Dansgaard-Oeschger Events 159 Heinrich Events 168 Relationship Between Heinrich and Dansgaard-Oeschger Events 174 Causes of Glacial-Age Millennial Climate Events 176 Perspective 182 Landmark Papers : Glacial-Age Millennial Climate Instability (Dansgaard et al. 1984, 1993; Johnsen et al. 1992; Oeschger et al. 1984; Bond et al. 1992) 182 7 Millennial Climate Events During Deglaciation 185 Introduction 185 Deglacial Terminology and the Last Glacial Maximum 186 The Onset of Deglaciation 191 Millennial Climate Reversals During Deglaciation 200 Mechanisms to Explain Deglacial Climate Changes 212 Older Terminations 214 Perspective 214 Landmark Paper : Deglacial Sea-Level Rise : The Barbados - Record (Fairbanks 1989) 214 8 Holocene Climate Variability 215 Introduction 215 Holocene Paleoclimatology : Terms 217 Solar Insolation and Tropical Atmospheric Processes 219 Holocene Records of Atmospheric Composition and Circulation 223 Ocean Variability and Climate 231 Holocene Sea Level and Ice Volume 233 Causes of Holocene Variability 235 Perspective 241 Landmark Paper : Unstable Holocene Climate (Denton and Karlen 1973) 242 9 Abrupt Climate Events 243 Introduction 243 Defining Abrupt Climate Change 244 Models of Freshwater Forcing of Climate 246 Continental Records of Glacial Lake Drainage 248 Glacial Geology and Geomorphology Applied to Abrupt Climate 253 Glacial Lakes and Abrupt Climate Events 260 Paleoceanographic Changes in Marginal Seas 262 Abrupt Change During the 8.2-ka Event 267 Tropical Forcing of Abrupt Events 268 Perspective 270 Landmark Paper : Abrupt Climate Change from Catastrophic Glacial Lake Drainage (Broecker et al. 1989) 270 10 Internal Modes of Climate Variability 273 Introduction 273 Indices and Terminology 276 El Nino-Southerri Oscillation 276 Pacific Decadal and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillations 285 Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation 286 North Atlantic Oscillation and Pacific North American Mode 288 Arctic Oscillation 290 Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode 290 Perspective 290 Landmark Paper : Paleo-El Nino (Dunbar et al. 1994) 293 11The AnthropoceneI : Global and Hemispheric Temperature 295 Introduction 295 Before the Anthropocene : The Little Ice Age 298 Forcing Agents of Temperature During the Late Holocene 300 The Development of Surface Air Temperature Reconstructions 309 Limitations to Atmospheric Temperature Reconstructions 310 Regional Paleotemperature Reconstructions 313 Climate Modeling and Proxy Reconstructions 314 Perspective 316 Landmark Paper : The Anthropogene (Bradley and Jones 1993) 316 12 The Anthropocene II : Climatic and Hydrological Change During the Last 2000 Years 319 Introduction 319 Atmospheric Records of Climate Change 321 Oceanic Changes 328 Patterns of Internal Climate Variability 334 Polar Regions and Sea Ice 337 Sea Level, Ice Sheets, and Glaciers 339 Perspective 346 Landmark Papers : Low-Latitude Alpine Ice Cores and Climate Change (L. G. Thompson et al. 1979, 1985, 1986) 347 Epilogue 349 Appendix : Paleoclimate Proxies 351 References 359 Index 433
890			_aUnited States
891			_aLA
999			_c24867 _d24867