000			06451nam a2200157Ia 4500
020			_a8131602133
082			_a526 _bMAC
100			_aMacEachren, Alan M.
245			_aHow maps work : representation, visualization and design
260			_aJaipur,New Delhi etc _bRawat Pubs. _c2008
300			_axiii,513p.
500			_aCONTENT : 1. Taking a Scientific Approach to Improving Map 1 Representation and Design Toward Functional Maps, 2 Cartography as Graphic Communication, 3 Objections to Scope and Method, 6 Art and Science, 8 Deconstructing the Discipline, 10 Taking a Fresh Approach to Symbolization and Design Research, 11 Organization of This Book, 16 I. How MEANING Is DERIVED FROM MAPS 21 2. An Information-Processing View of Vision and 25 Visual Cognition Marr's Approach to Vision, 27 Visual Cognition, 33 Processing of Visual Stimuli, 33 Processing of Imagery, 46 Conclusion, 49 3. How Maps Are Seen 51 Eye-Brain System, 53 The Eye, 54 Eye to Brain, 63 Brain, 63 Perceptual Organization and Attention, 68 Grouping, 71 What We Attend To, 80 Selective Attention and Separability of Visual Dimensions, 81; Divided Attention and Variable Conjunctions, 87; Associativity of Graphic Variables, 91; Indispensable Variables, 92 Where We Attend, 94 Location, 94; Scale, 96 Scanning the Visual Scene, 101 Figure-Ground, 107 Heterogeneity, 110; Bottom-Up versus Top-Down Processing, 117 Visual Levels, 120 Perceptual Categorization and Judgment, 123 Detection, 124 Discrimination, 127 Text Discrimination, 127; Point Feature Discrimination, 128; Pattern Discrimination, 130; Color Discrimination, 132; Motion Discrimination, 133 Judging Order, 134 Judging Relative Magnitude, 135 Perceiving Depth from a Two-Dimensional Scene, 136 A Taxonomy of Depth Cues, 137 Applying Depth Cues to Maps, 139 Physiological Approaches, 139; Perspective Approaches, 139; Nonperspective Approaches, 141 Summary, 147 4. How Maps Are Understood: Visual Array - Visual 150 Description - Knowledge Schemata- Cognitive Representation Mental Categories, 151 Prototype Effects, 153 Family Resemblance, 155; Fuzzy Categories, 156; Typicality Effects, 158; Maps as a Radial Category, 160 Basic-Level Categories, 162 Natural versus Cultural Category Structures, 167 Multiple Representations, 168 Dual Representations: Common and Scientific, 168; Fuzzy Representations of Well-Defined Concepts, 169 Knowledge Representation, 170 Kinds of Knowledge Representation, 171 Kinds of Knowledge Schemata, 174 Propositiona/ Schemata, 176; Image Schemata, 185; Event Schemata (Scripts and Plans) ,190 Development and Application of Cognitive Schemata, 193 How Map Schemata Are Developed, 193 Physiological Bases for Map Schemata, 194; Developmental Bases for Map Schemata, 195; General-to~Specific Map Schemata, 198 How Map Schemata Are Selected, 202 How Map Schemata Are Used, 205 Conclusion, 209 II. How MAPS ARE IMBUED WITH MEANING 213 5. A Primer on Semiotics for Understanding 217 Map Representation The Nature of Signs, 218 Models of the Sign, 219 Typology of Signs, 222 Typology of Discourse, 225 How Signs Signify: Specificity or Levels of Meaning, 228 Typology of Comprehension (or Miscomprehension), 232 The Nature of Sign Systems, 234 Dimensions of Semiosis, 234 Systemology, 238 Semiotic Economy, 239; Simultaneity versus Articulation, 240; Combinatorial Relations, 241 Application of the Semiotic Approach to Map Representation, 242 6. A Functional Approach to Map Representation: 244 The Semantics and Syntactics of Map Signs The Nature of Map Signs-Map Semantics, 245 Sign-Vehicle as Mediator, 246 Referent as Mediator, 250 Interpretant as Mediator, 256 The Nature of Map Sign Systems-Map Syntactics: Logical Interrelationships, 269 Visual Variables and Syntactic Rules, 270 Static Visual Maps, 270; Static Tactile Maps, 276; Dynamic Visual Maps, 278; Dynamic Audio Maps, 287 Sign-Vehicle Sets, 290 Multiple Linked Sign Systems, 295 Maps as Signs, 302 Map Sign Comprehension, 305 Discussion, 307 7. A Lexical Approach to Map Representation: 310 Map Pragmatics Meaning in Maps, 312 Space, Time, and Attribute Denotation, 312 Denoting Spatial Position, 313; Denoting Temporal Position, 315; Denoting Attributes of Position in Space-Time, 317 Specificity of Signs, 321 Singular versus General Signs, 321; Unambiguous versus Ambiguous Signs, 323; Monosemic versus Pofysemic Sign Systems, 325 Directness of Reference: Literality of Interpretants, 325 Concreteness of Signs: Concept versus Phenomenon Representations, 327 Etymology and Cultural Specificity of Meaning, 329 Meaning of Maps, 330 Connotative Meaning of Map Signs, 331 Extrosigni/icant Codes, 332; A Typology of Map Connotation, 336 The Map Itself as an Implicit Code, 338 Connotation of Veracity: Truth and Reality, 338; Connotation of Integrity: Map Ethics, 340; Valuative Connotations: Judgments, 342; Connotations of Power: Territorial Control, 345; /native Connotations: Persuasion to Action, 348; Can Connotations Be Measured.', 349 Synopsis and Directions, 351 III. How MAPS ARE USED: APPLICATIONS IN 355 GEOGRAPHIC VISUALIZATION 8. GVIS: Facilitating Visual Thinking 361 A Model of Feature Matching, 362 Linking Perceptual Organization and Map Syntactics, 367 Indispensable Variables, 368 2-D Space, 369; Simulated 3-D, 370; Time, 376 Scale and Resolution, 380 Space, 380; Attributes, 384; Time, 385 Spatial Feature Enhancement through Graphic Variable Manipulation, 386 Using Monochrome Variables, 387; Using Color Variables, 389 The Role of Categories and Schemata, 392 Conclusions, 398 9. GVIS: Relationships in Space and Time 401 Feature Comparison: Looking for Relationships in Multidimensional Data, 401 Space, 402 Orientation, 409 Color, 411 Time, 416 Focusing, 418 Sound, 419 Space-Time Processes, 422 Categorizing Space-Time Phenomena, 423 Mapping Temporal Entities to Display Variables, 425 Exploring Space-Time Processes: Kinds of Interaction, 427 Process Tracking, 428; Postprocessing, 429; Process Steering, 432 Discussion, 433 10. GVIS: Should We Believe What We See? 435 How to Judge Truth in GVIS, 435 Truth of Signs in the Display, 436 Truth of the Display as Sign: Seeing Wrong versus Not Seeing, 444 What Truth Is in GVIS, 447 Visual Thinking and Cognitive Gravity, 448 Public Presentation and Implicit Connotation, 452 Discussion, 456 Postscript 459 References 463 Author Index 491 Subject Index 497
890			_aIndia
891			_aSchool of Planning, CEPT Uni.
999			_c14982 _d14982