000			07731nam a2200157Ia 4500
020			_a052174444X
082			_a363.7387 _bGAR
100			_aGarnaut, Ross
245			_aGarnaut climate change review : final report
260			_aLondon,Cambridge,New Delhi etc _bCambridge Uni. Press _c2008
300			_axlv,634p.
500			_aContents Preface xiii Acknowledgments xiv Terms of reference xvi Introduction xvii Synopsis of key points xxxv 1A decision-making framework 1 1.1 The costs of mitigation 3 1.2 Risk and uncertainty 7 1.3 Four types of benefits from mitigation 9 1.4 How effective adaptation reduces the costs of climate change 13 1.5 Measuring the benefits of mitigation against the costs 14 1.6 A graphical representation of the benefits and costs 15 1.7Valuing the future relative to the present 18 2 Understanding climate science 23 2.1The earth's atmosphere 24 2.2Understanding climate change 27 2.3Linking emissions and climate change 30 2.4The task of global mitigation 42 3 Emissions in the Platinum Age 53 3.1Greenhouse gas emissions by source and country 53 3.2Recent trends in carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels 55 3.3Existing emissions projections 58 3.4The Review's no-mitigation projections: methodology and assumptions 59 3.5 Results from the Review's projections and comparisons with existing projections 62 3.6 The impact of high energy prices 67 3.7 Resource limits 69 4Projecting global climate change 75 4.1 How has the climate changed? 75 4.2 Understanding climate change projections 83 4.3 Projected climate change for the three emissions cases 87 4.4 Assessing the climate risk 96 5 Projecting Australian climate change 105 5.1Attributing climate change to humans 106 5.2How has the climate changed in Australia? 106 5.3Projected climate change in Australia 113 6 Climate change impacts on Australia 121 6.1Understanding Australia's vulnerability to climate change 124 6.2Australia without global mitigation 125 6.3Direct impacts of climate change on Australia 128 6.4Indirect impacts of climate change on Australia 145 7 Australia's emissions in a global context 153 7.1Australia's emissions profile and international comparisons 153 7.2Emissions profiles of Australian industries 165 8Assessing the international response 173 8.1The evolving international frame work for addressing climate change 174 8.2 National commitments and policies to mitigate climate Change 177 8.3 Assessment of progress under the Kyoto Protocol 18O 8.4 Projections given the current trajectory of mitigation effort 183 8.5 Accelerating progress 184 9 Towards global agreement 191 9.1 Agreeing on a global goal 192 9.2 What form should national commitments take? 195 9.3 A graduated approach to national commitments 198 9.4 Principles for allocating emissions entitlements across countries 200 9.5 Modelling a per capita approach to the allocation of emissions entitlements 2O5 9.6 Reaching agreement on 55O or 450: is it possible? 212 10 Deepening global collaboration 217 10.1International public funding for mitigation 218 10.2 International public funding for adaptation 223 10.3 Promoting collaborative research to assist developing countries 226 10.4 International trade in emissions rights 227 10.5 Price-based sectoral agreements for the trade-exposed, emissions-intensive sectors 23O 10.6 Climate change and trade policy 232 10.7 International aviation and shipping 234 10.8 Land-use change and forestry 235 10.9 Enforcement mechanisms 239 11Costing climate change and its avoidance 245 11.1 The three global scenarios 246 11.2 Comparing the costs of climate change and mitigation 247 11.3 Modelling mitigation 250 11.4 The decision to mitigate 252 11.5 How much mitigation? 268 12 Targets and trajectories 277 12.1 Determining- our conditional and unconditional targets 278 12.2 The benefits of giobal cooperation 285 12.3 Solving a diabolical problem in stages 287 12.4 Hastening1 progress towards greater emissions reductions 289 12.5 Moving from a 550 to a 450 goal 290 12.6 Does Australia matter for global mitigation? 291 12.7 Interim targets 294 12.8 Implications for an Australian emissions trading scheme 298 13 An Australian policy framework 299 13.1Confronting uncertainty: the policy challenges of climate change 300 13.2 Avoiding the greatest market failure ever seen 307 13.3 Bungling Australia's emissions trading scheme 314 14 An Australian emissions trading scheme 321 14.1 The framework to guide efficient scheme design322 14.2 Elemental design features 324 14.3 Releasing permits into the market 330 14.4 Lowering the costs of meeting targets 334 14.5 Addressing the distortion faced by trade-exposed, emissions-intensive industries 341 14.6 Transition period: Australia's emissions trading scheme to the end of 2012350 14.7 Governance: institutional arrangements 351 14.8 Addressing the relationships between an emissions trading scheme and other policies 353 14.9 Summary of design features of an Australian emissions trading scheme 357 15 Adaptation and mitigation measures for Australia 363 15.1 Information and understanding1 365 15.2 The role of markets and market-based policies 37O 15.3 Scaling-the challenges: five examples 376 16 Sharing the burden in Australia 385 16.1 Effects of mitigation policy in the short term 386 16.2 A framework for government intervention 393 16.3 Long-term impacts and structural change 4OO 17 Information barriers to known technologies 403 17.1 The impact of information and agency barriers404 17.2 Information barriers 406 17.3 Principal-agent problems 413 17.4 Minimum performance standards 415 18 The innovation challenge 423 18.1 What is innovation? 424 18.2 Ensuring optimal levels of early research 428 18.3 Rewarding early movers 433 18.4 Overcoming barriers from technological lock-in 441 19 Network infrastructure 445 19.1 The transmission of electricity 446 19.2 The distribution of electricity 451 19.3 Gas transmission infrastructure 453 19.4 The transportation of carbon dioxide 453 19.5 The transport of passengers and freight 455 19.6 Water supply infrastructure 458 19.7 The planning of urban settlements 460 20 Transforming energy 467 3O.1 The energy sector today 468 20.2 Drivers of the transformation 472 20.3 The transformation 478 20.4 Modelling results for the energy sector 482 20.5 Major economic impacts 49O 20.6 Risks to the transformation 499 21 Transforming transport 503 21.1 The role of transport and its current structure 504 21.2 Causes of the transformation 505 21.3 Economic modelling results: a possible future? 511 21.4 The path to transformation: a picture of future transport 517 21.5 Fostering the transformation 526 22 Transforming rural land use 531 22.1 Drivers of a transformation towards lower emissions 532 22.2 Economic modelling results: a possible future? 537 22.3 An alternative future 542 22.4 Barriers and limits to a low-emissions future 558 23 Towards a low-emissions economy 565 23.1 The dynamics of economic adjustment with global mitigation 566 23.2 The economy to and at 550 ppm570 23.3 The difference between 550 and 45O 575 23.4 Australia in the low-emissions world energy economy576 23.5 The downside risks 579 23.6 The upside in technology assumptions 58O 23.7 The importance of flexible global and national markets 584 23.8 The importance of education and training 586 23.9 Global mitigation and ongoing prosperity 587 23.1O Australia in a successful world of change 588 24 Fateful decisions 591 List of figures and tables 599 List of shortened forms 6O6 Glossary 6O8 Index 617
890			_aIndia
891			_aSchool of Planning, CEPT Uni.
999			_c12509 _d12509