Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Main Issues and Purpose 1
1.2 Significance and Contributions 3
References 5
2 Literature Review 7
2.1 Creativity and Creative Class (CC) 7
2.2 Whether Social Capital (SC) Matters for the CC? 9
2.3 Social Entrepreneurship, Social Innovation and Social Business 10
2.4 Multi-functionality of Urban Agriculture 11
2.5 Creating Shared Value (CSV) in Urban Agriculture 13
References 15
3 A New Framework and Methodology for Urban Agriculture 19
3.1 Theoretical Examination 19
3.2 Explanation of the Methods 22
3.2.1 Mixed Methods (MM) 22
3.2.2 Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) 23
3.2.3 Trajectory Equifinality Modeling (TEM) 25
References 26
4 Urban Agriculture in Japan and China: Trends and Policies 29
4.1 Introduction 29
4.2 Urban Planning and Urban Agriculture in Tokyo and Shanghai 30
4.3 Urban Agriculture in Japan 30
4.4 Urban Agriculture in China 34
References 39
5 Creative Classes, Social Business and the Multi-functionality of Urban Agriculture in Tokyo and Shanghai 41
5.1 Introduction 41
5.2 Data and Analytical Method 44
5.2.1 Data 44
5.2.2 Variable Setting and Analytical Method 48
5.3 Analytical Results 52
5.3.1 Analytical Results of Tokyo 52
5.3.2 Analytical Results of Shanghai 55
5.4 Conclusion and Policy Implication 58
References 59
6 Social Entrepreneurship and the Multi-functionality of Urban Agriculture in Japan and China 61
6.1 Introduction 61
6.2 TEM Analysis for Tokyo 62
6.2.1 Results of Mr. O's TEM Analysis 62
6.2.2 Results of Mr. M's TEM Analysis 65
6.2.3 Results of Mr. N's TEM Analysis 67
6.3 TEM Analysis for Shanghai 69
6.3.1 Results of Mr. L's TEM Analysis 69
6.3.2 Results of Mr. Z's TEM Analysis 71
6.3.3 Results of Mr. W's TEM Analysis 74
6.4 Concluding Remarks 76
Appendix 6.1 : Sources of the TEM Analyses 76
References 78
7 Cognitive Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship in Urban Agriculture in Japan and China 79
7.1 Introduction 79
7.2 Analytical Results in Japan 80
7.2.1 Case I: Mr. O 82
7 .2.2 Case II: Mr. M 82
7.2.3 Case III: Mr. N 82
7.3 Analytical Results in China 83
7.3 .1 Case IV: Mr. L 83
7.3.2 Case V: Mr. Z 83
7.3.3 Case VI: Mr. W 85
7.4 Pattern of Cognitive Innovation of Social Entrepreneurs 85
7.4.1 Radical Cognitive Innovation (Mr. O and Mr. Z) 85
7.4.2 Gradual Cognitive Innovation (Mr. N, Mr. M, Mr. L
and Mr. W) 87
7.4.3 Stagnation: Social Dilemma of Cognitive Innovation 87
Appendix 7 .1: Evaluation of Elements of Social Entrepreneurial Activities in Japan 87
Appendix 7.2: Evaluation of Elements of Social Entrepreneurial Activities in China 87
References 93
8 Conclusion and Policy Implication 95
8.1 Conclusions 95
8.2 Policy Implications and Future Research Agendas 98
Reference 99