CONTENTS 1 Basic Modes of Heat Transfer2 1.1The Relation of Heat Transfer to Thermodynamics3 1.2 Dimensions and Units7 1.3 Heat Conduction9 1.4Convection17 1.5Radiation21 1.6Combined Heat Transfer Systems23 1.7Thermal Insulation45 1.8Heat Transfer and the Law of Energy Conservation51 References 58 Problems 58 Design Problems 68 2 Heat Conduction70 2.1Introduction71 2.2The Conduction Equation71 2.3Steady Heat Conduction in Simple Geometries78 2.4Extended Surfaces95 2.5* Multidimensional Steady Conduction 105 2.6Unsteady or Transient Heat Conduction116 2.7* Charts for Transient Heat Conduction134 2.8 Closing Remarks150 References 150 Problems 151 Design Problems 163 3 Numerical Analysis of Heat Conduction166 3.1 Introduction167 3.2 One-Dimensional Steady Conduction168 3.3 One-Dimensional Unsteady Conduction180 3.4* Two-Dimensional Steady and Unsteady Conduction195 3.5* Cylindrical Coordinates215 3.6* Irregular Boundaries217 .7Closing Remarks 221 References 221 Problems 222 Design Problems 228 4 Analysis of Convection Heat Transfer230 4.1Introduction231 4.2Convection Heat Transfer231 4.3 Boundary Layer Fundamentals233 4.4Conservation Equations of Mass, Momentum, and Energy for Laminar Flow Over a Flat Plate235 4.5 Dimensionless Boundary Layer Equations and Similarity Parameters 239 4.6 Evaluation of Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients243 4.7 Dimensional Analysis245 4.8* Analytic Solution for Laminar Boundary Layer Flow Over a Flat Plate 252 4.9* Approximate Integral Boundary Layer Analysis261 4.10* Analogy Between Momentum and Heat Transfer in Turbulent Flow Over a Flat Surface 267 4.11 Reynolds Analogy for Turbulent Flow Over Plane Surfaces273 4.12Mixed Boundary Layer274 4.13* Special Boundary Conditions and High-Speed Flow277 4.14Closing Remarks282 References 283 Problems 284 Design Problems 294 Chapter 5.1 Introduction297 5.2 Similarity Parameters for Natural Convection299 5.3 Empirical Correlation for Various Shapes308 5.4* Rotating Cylinders, Disks, and Spheres322 5.5 Combined Forced and Natural Convection325 5.6* Finned Surfaces328 5.7 Closing Remarks333 References 338 Problems 340 Design Problems 348 6 Forced Convection Inside Tubes and Ducts350 6.1Introduction351 6.2* Analysis of Laminar Forced Convection in a Long Tube360 6.3Correlations for Laminar Forced Convection370 6.4* Analogy Between Heat and Momentum Transfer in Turbulent Flow382 6.5Empirical Correlations for Turbulent Forced Convection386 6.6Heat Transfer Enhancement and Electronic-Device Cooling395 6.7Closing Remarks406 References 408 Problems 411 Design Problems 418 7 Forced Convection Over Exterior Surfaces420 7.1Flow Over Bluff Bodies 421 7.2Cylinders, Spheres, and Other Bluff Shapes 422 7.3* Packed Beds 440 7.4Tube Bundles in Cross-Flow 444 7.5* Finned Tube Bundles in Cross-Flow 458 7.6* Free Jets 461 7.7Closing Remarks 471 References 473 Problems475 Design Problems482 8 Heat Exchangers484 8.1 Introduction485 8.2 Basic Types of Heat Exchangers 485 8.3 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 494 8.4 Log Mean Temperature Difference 498 8.5 Heat Exchanger Effectiveness506 8.6* Heat Transfer Enhancement 516 8.7* Microscale Heat Exchangers524 8.8Closing Remarks525 References 527 Problems 529 Design Problems 539 9 Heat Transfer by Radiation540 9.1Thermal Radiation541 9.2Blackbody Radiation543 9.3 Radiation Properties555 9.4The Radiation Shape Factor571 9.5Enclosures with Black Surfaces581 9.6Enclosures with Gray Surfaces585 9.7* Matrix Inversion591 9.8* Radiation Properties of Gases and Vapors 602 9.9Radiation Combined with Convection and Conduction610 9.10Closing Remarks614 References 615 Problems 616 Design Problems 623 10 Heat Transfer with Phase Change624 10.1Introduction to Boiling625 10.2Pool Boiling625 10.3Boiling in Forced Convection647 10.4Condensation660 10.5* Condenser Design670 10.6* Heat Pipes672 10.7* Freezing and Melting683 References 688 Problems 691 Design Problems 696 Appendix 1 The International System of UnitsA3 Appendix 2 Data TablesA6 Properties of SolidsA7 Thermodynamic Properties of LiquidsA14 Heat Transfer FluidsA23 Liquid Metals A24 Thermodynamic Properties of Gases A26