CONTENTS Contributors xi Acknowledgements xiii 1. THE GARDEN CITY INTRODUCED 1 Stephen V. Ward Origins 2 Garden suburb revisionism 4 Towards the satellite town 9 Satellite towns 12 The first new towns 14 New towns outside Britain 16 Later British new towns 18 After the new towns 20 The other contributions 21 Garden cities: past, present and future 24 2. ENGLISH ORIGINS 28 Frederick H. A. Aalen Howard's garden city 28 Howard and social reformism 32 Attitudes to the countryside and urban improvement c. 1880-1920 36 Howard's social message 39 Co-operativism 42 Land reform 44 Conclusions 48 3. THE FRENCH GARDEN CITY 52 Jean Pierre Gaudin The garden city and industrial paternalism 53 Social democratic reformers and the garden city 55 Garden settlements and satellite suburbs 57 Political dimensions: social control 60 Communitarian perspectives and urban reformers 63 Conclusions 67 4. THE JAPANESE GARDEN CITY 69 Shun-ichi Watanabe Garden city on rocky soil: home ministry, 1905-08 70 Garden city studied: three scholars, 1906-09 72 Garden city as garden suburbs: architects, 1904-14 73 Garden city on sale: suburban developers, 1911-27 74 Garden city in planning legislation: planning pioneers, 1913-21 79 Later developments 81 Conclusion: the land question 83 5. THE NAZI GARDEN CITY 88 Gerhard Fehl Problems of suburbanization 88 Howard and alternatives to suburbanization 89 The failures of planning in the pre-Nazi era 91 The Nazis and settlement patterns 93 Creating the ideal Nazi territorial order 96 Implementing the new territorial order 99 Folk order and territorial order '102 Epilogue and conclusions 103 6. THE AUSTRALIAN GARDEN CITY 107 Robert Freestone Setting the scene: the nineteenth century 107 A garden city movement? 110 Ideals and principles 114 The garden city in practice, 1910-1930 116 Recession and epitaph: the garden city in the 1930s 119 Rediscovery: images of the post-war period 122 Coda 124 7. THE AMERICAN GARDEN CITY: LOST IDEALS 127 Daniel Schaffer The garden city's decade in the sun 128 Changed landscapes 132 Changed political realities 134 An uncivilized city 137 Lessons from the garden city 140 Accessible language 142 Conclusion 142 8. THE AMERICAN GARDEN CITY: STILL RELEVANT? 146 Robert Fishman The concentrated garden city 147 Changing patterns of decentralization 149 Post-war decentralization in America 151 The US new town initiative 156 The garden city: still relevant? 161 Beyond the new town 163 9. THE BRITISH GARDEN CITY: METAMORPHOSIS 165 Michael Hebbert Building speculation 'on garden city lines' 165 Howard's garden cities and Shaw's prophecy 166 Private developers and postwar new towns policy 169 Private developers and new town building 173 From new towns to 'new settlements' 176 Planning policies and new settlements 180 Conclusions 181 Notes 183 10. THE GARDEN CITY CAMPAIGN: AN OVERVIEW 187 Dennis Hardy Getting on the agenda 188 Garden cities around the world 193 Pressing the case 198 Ways and means 202 Postscript: garden cities of tomorrow? 204 Index 210