CONTENTS 1 Executive Summary 1 1.1Threats 2 1.2 Impacts 2 1.3 Recommendations 3 2 Introduction 6 2.1 Aim 6 2.2 Objective 6 2.3 Research question 6 2.4 Indian Scenario 7 2.5 Classification of Lakes 8 2.5.1 Urban lakes 9 3 Bangalore City Profile 12 3.1 History 12 3.2 Topography 13 3.3 Lake Network 13 3.4 Need for the Study 14 4 Literature Review 16 4.1 Threats 16 4.1.1 Pollution 18 4.1.2 Eutrophication 19 4.1.3 Encroachment 19 4.1.4 Recreation Spaces 20 4.1.5 Cultural Activities 20 4.1.6 Change of Land Use 20 4.2 Impacts 21 4.2.1 Decrease in Catchment Area 21 4.2.2 Depletion in ground water 22 4.2.3 Fall in Land price 23 4.3 Theories on Collective Action 23 4.3.1 Strategies for Adaptive Governance 23 4.3.2 An IAD framework 25 4.3.3 Socio-Ecological Framework 26 5 Governance Structure 29 5.1 At Central Level 29 5.2 At State Level 30 5.2.1 Urban Development Department 31 5.2.2 Revenue Department 32 5.2.3 Fisheries Department 32 5.2.4 The Department of Ecology and Environment & Karnataka State Forest Department (KSFD 32 5.3 Lake management approaches 33 5.3.1 The Lakshman Rao Commission Report 35 5.3.2 A. T. Ramaswamy Committee 35 5.3.3 Integrated Lake Ecology with water quality 36 5.3.4 Environmental action plan 37 5.3.5 “Adopt a Lake” Programme 37 5.4 Issues with Existing Governance and Lake Management Approaches 37 5.4.1 Lack of coordination between the agencies 37 5.4.2 Lack of Adequate Information 38 5.4.3 Lack of clarity of Information on lakes 38 5.4.4 Lack of an Integrated Approach 39 6 Methodology 41 6.1 Site selection 41 6.2 Details of the Lakes 42 6.3 Surveys 43 6.3.1 Perception Survey 43 6.3.2 Primary Survey 50 7 Analysis 54 7.1 Willingness to pay 54 7.2 Willingness to maintain 56 7.3 Frequency and Purpose of Visit 58 7.4 Main Issues, people responsible and community involvement 59 7.5 Property Prices 61 8 Recommendations 65 8.1 Lake Restoration Plan 65 8.1.1 Land use Strategies 65 8.1.2 Pollution control Strategies 67 8.1.3 Constructed Wetlands 68 8.1.4 Governance 70 8.1.5 Involvement of Stakeholders 72 8.1.6 Other related strategies 72 X 9 References 74 9.1 Bibliography 77 Annexures 79 Annexure I 80 Annexure II 81 Annexure III 82 Annexure IV 83 CASE STUDIES 83 Annexure V 86