CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS GLOSSARY PREFACE 1 INTRODUCTION I CHALLENGES IN WATER MANAGEMENT II MANAGING WATER RESOURCES III THE ROLE OF LAW IN WATER MANAGEMENT IV BOOK OVERVIEW REFERENCES 2 WATER RESOURCES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT 21 I THE WATER CYCLE II SUPPLY OF WATER RESOURCES IE.DEMAND FOR WATER RESOURCES IV FRESHWATER AVAILABILITY, ALLOCATION AND PRODUCTIVITY V WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT REFERENCES 3 WATER GOVERNANCE: POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS 57 I WATER GOVERNANCE AND WATER POLICY 59 II LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR WATER 62 III SUBSTANCE OF NATIONAL WATER LAWS 67 IV OTHER KEY ISSUES IN THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR WATER 75 V CONCLUSION 86 REFERENCES 86 4 INTERNATIONAL WATER LAW 91 I BINDING INTERNATIONAL LAW 94 II OTHER SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 103 III EMERGING PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL WATER LAW 116 IV CONCLUSION 119 REFERENCES 119 5 WATER RESOURCE QUANTITY: ALLOCATION AND MANAGEMENT 127 I THE PHYSICAL AND TECHNICAL CHALLENGE 129 II THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGE 140 III ALLOCATING AND MANAGING WATER 156 IV CONCLUSIONS 169 REFERENCES 171 6 WATER RESOURCE QUALITY 175 I WATER QUALITY 177 II WATER POLLUTION 180 III WATER POLLUTION CONTROL 194 IV CONCLUSION 206 REFERENCES 206 7 DRINKING WATER 209 I DRINKING WATER CHALLENGES 211 II LEGISLATING ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER 219 III CONCLUSIONS 238 REFERENCES 239 8 WATER AND AGRICULTURE 245 I ISSUES IN IRRIGATION 247 II INCREASING IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY 252 III USING WASTEWATER FOR IRRIGATION 255 IV CONCLUSION 273 REFERENCES 273 9 INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF WATER FOR HUMAN AND ECOSYSTEM NEEDS 285 I WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 287 II IMPROVING REGULATORY SYSTEMS 296 III CHANGING INCENTIVES THROUGH REGULATION 308 IV CONCLUSIONS 321 REFERENCES 321 10. CONCEPTIONS OF WATER 327 I WATER AS A COMMODITY 329 II WATER AS A SERVICE 331 III WATER AS A HUMAN RIGHT 333 IV CONCLUSION 339 REFERENCES 340