Contents Abbreviations Acknowledgement List of tables List of charts List of Maps List of pictures EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 15 1.1 URBANISATION IN INDIA 15 1.1.1 Some evidences on urbanisation across the states of India 17 1.2 STATE OF URBAN SERVICE DELIVERY 20 1.2.1 Water supply 20 1.2.2 Water demand 21 1.2.3 Sewerage 22 1.3 NEED OF THE STUDY 23 1.3.1 Municipal Wastewater Generation and treatment capacity of Metropolitan Cities 23 1.3.2 Municipal Wastewater Generation and treatment capacity of Class-I Cities (including metropolitan cities) 25 1.3.3 Status of Municipal Wastewater Generation and treatment capacity of class-II Cities 27 1.3.4 Need 29 2 WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 31 2.1 WASTEWATER 31 2.1.1 Definition 31 2.1.2 Wastewater characteristics 31 2.2 WASTEWATER TREATMENT 35 2.2.1 Definition 35 2.2.2 Need of the sewage treatment 35 2.2.3 Types of wastewater treatment 38 2.2.3.1 Decentralised system 38 2.2.3.2 Centralised system 41 2.2.3.3 Advantages and disadvantages 46 2.2.4 Wastewater treatment technologies used in India 47 3 AIM, OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY 50 3.1 AIM 50 3.2 OBJECTIVE 50 3.3 ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK 50 3.4 METHODOLOGY 51 3.4.1 Methodology for Objective 1 51 3.4.2 Methodology for objective 2 51 3.4.3 Methodology for Objective 3 52 3.5 LIMITATIONS 53 4 CASE STUDY-AHMEDABAD & RAJKOT 54 4.1 AHMEDABAD 54 4.1.1 City profile 54 4.1.2 Sewerage scenario 55 4.1.3 Case-1, STP-180 MLD 57 4.1.3.1 General information 57 4.1.3.2 Process description 58 4.1.3.3 Wastewater characteristics 59 4.1.4 Case-1, STP-106 MLD 60 4.1.4.1 General information 60 4.1.4.2 Process description 60 4.1.4.3 Water characteristics 61 4.1.5 Analysis 62 4.1.5.1Water characteristics 62 4.1.5.2 Emissions 63 4.1.5.3 Land requirement 64 4.1.5.4 Energy requirement 65 4.1.5.5 Sludge production 66 4.2 RAJKOT 67 4.2.1 City profile 67 4.2.2 Water Supply 68 4.2.3 Sewerage Network 68 4.2.4 STP-44.5 MLD 69 4.2.4.1 General information 69 4.2.4.2 Process description 69 4.2.4.3 Characteristics of water 70 4.2.5 STP-51 MLD 70 4.2.5.1 General information 70 4.2.5.2 Process description 71 4.2.5.3 Water characteristics 71 4.2.6 Analysis 72 4.2.6.1 Water characteristics 72 4.2.6.2 Emissions 73 4.2.6.3 Land requirement 73 4.2.6.4 Energy requirement 75 4.2.6.5 Sludge production 76 5 ANALYSIS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 77 5.1 LAND REQUIREMENT 77 5.2 ENERGY REQUIREMENT 80 5.3 SLUDGE PRODUCTION 82 5.4 EMISSIONS 84 5.5 WATER ASSESSMENT 86 5.6 OBSERVATIONS 89 5.7 OBSERVATION (BASED ON PRIMARY SURVEY) 90 5.8 CASE STUDY: SURAT (BIO-GAS PLANT) 92 5.8.1 General information 92 5.8.2 Electricity from Bio-gas 92 5.8.3 Observations 93 5.9 RECYCLE AND REUSE OF WASTE WATER-SURAT 95 5.9.1 General information 96 5.9.2 Inferences 96 5.10 INTERVIEWS WITH ULBS & PLANT OPERATORS 97 5.10.1 Inferences 100 6 CONCLUSION AND IMPROVEMENT OPPORTUNITIES 101 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 107 8 ANNEXURE 109