CONTENT
1 Structures in nature 08
1.1 Tree 10
1.2 Spiderweb 12
1.3 Eggshell
1.4 Soap bubbles 16
1.5 Human body 18
2 2.1Theory 22
General theory of structures 24
2.1.1 Introduction24
2.1.2 External loads 25
2.1.3 Internal forces 25
2.1.3.1 Axial 26
2.1.3.2 Shear 26
2.1.3.3 Bending 27
2.1.3.4 Torsion 27
2.1.3.5 Static equilibrium 28
2.1.3.6 Simple analysis 30
2.1.3.7 Common beam formulae 36
2.1.4 Material properties 40
2.1.4.1 Stress 40
2.1.4.2 Strain 44
2.1.4.3 Steel properties 47
2.1.4.4 Concrete properties 48
2.1.4.5 Timber properties 49
2.1.5 Sectional properties 50
2.1.5.1 Bending 50
2.1.5.2 Axial compression 52
2.1.5.3 Deflection 55
2.1.6 Fitness for purpose 56
2.1.6.1 Vertical deflection 56
2.1.6.2 Lateral deflection 57
2.1.6.3 Vibration 57
2.1.7 Structures 58
2.1.7.1 Categories of structure 58
2.1.7.2 Stability 63
2.1.7.3 Towers 71
2.2Structural systems 73
2.2.1 Introduction 73
2.2.2 Material assessments 74
2.2.3 Structural components 77
2.2.3.1 Beam systems 78
2.2.3.2 Concrete slab systems 84
3.1Structural prototypes
Form finding 86
3.2Load testing 92
3.3Visualizing forces 104
4 Case studies 110
4.1 Introduction 112
4.2 1850-1949
4.2.1 Viollet-le-Duc's innovative 114 engineering approaches
4.2.2 St. Pancras Railway Station Shed 116
4.2.3 EiffelTower 118
4.2.4 Forth Rail Bridge 120
4.2.5 All-Russia Exhibition 1896 122
4.2.6 Tetrahedral Tower 124
4.2.7 Magazzini General! Warehouse 126
4.2.8 Zarzuela Hippodrome 128
4.3 1950-1999
4.3.1 Crown Hall, Illinois Institute 130 ofTechnology (NT)
4.3.2 Los Manantiales Restaurant 132
4.3.3 Concrete Shell Structures, 134 England
4.3.4 Geodesic Domes 136
4.3.5 Palazzo del Lavoro 140 (Palace of Labor)
4.3.6 Concrete Shell Structures, 144 Switzerland
4.3.7 Jefferson National Expansion 150 Monument ("Gateway Arch")
4.3.8 Maxi/Mini/Midi Systems 152
4.3.9 Tensegrity Structures 156
4.3.10 Munich Olympic Stadium Roof 158
4.3.11 Bini Domes-inflatable formwork 162
4.3.12 Niteroi Contemporary Art Museum 164
4.3.13 Structural Glass 166
4.4 2000-2010
4.4.1 Ontario College of Art and Design 172 expansion, featuring the Sharp Centre for Design
4.4.2 Atlas Building 176
4.4.3 "HetGebouw" (The Building) 178
4.4.4 Hemeroscopium House 182
4.4.5 Kanagawa Institute ofTechnology 186 (KAIT) Workshop/Table
4.4.6 Meads Reach Footbridge 190
4.4.7 Pompidou-Metz 194
4.4.8 Burj Khalifa 198
Further reading and 202
resources
Index 204
Picture credits and acknowledgments 208