PREFACE xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv INTRODUCTION xvii The Early Development of the Garden in Europe xvii Part 1 Italy Environment 2 Social and Cultural History 3 1: Elements of Italian Garden Design 7 2: Landscape Expression: The Renaissance Gardens ofTuscany 13 Villa Medici Fiesole, Fiesole, Italy 19 Villa Castello, Florence, Italy 23 Villa Petraia, Florence, Italy 26 Boboli Gardens, Florence, Italy 31 3: Landscape Expression: The Renaissance Gardens of Rome 35 Villa d'Este, Tivoli, Italy 37 Villa Lante, Bagnaia, Italy 45 4: Landscape Expression: Gardens of the Italian Baroque 51 Sacro Bosco di Bomarzo, Bomarzo, Italy 53 Villa Garzoni, Collodi, Italy 59 Villa Gamberaia, Settignano, Italy 63 5: Landscape Expression: Modern Variations 67 The Getty Center, Los Angeles, California 69 6: The Urban Environment: Piazzas of Italy 75 Piazza della Signoria, Florence, Italy 77 Piazza Campidoglio, Rome, Italy 83 Piazza Navona, Rome, Italy 87 Piazza San Pietro, Rome, Italy 91 Piazza di Spagna, Rome, Italy 95 Part 2 France Environment 100 Social and Cultural History 101 7: Elements of French Garden Design 105 8: Landscape Expression: French Baroque Gardens 111 Vaux le Vicomte, Seine-et-Marne, France 115 Versailles, Yveslines, France 121 Chantilly, Val D'Oise, France 133 Fontainebleau, Seine-et-Marne, France 139 9: Landscape Expression: Modern Variations 147 The Miller Garden, Columbus, Indiana 149 10: Landscape Expression: French Parks of Royal Heritage 155 Jardin des Tuileries, Paris, France 157 Jardin du Luxembourg, Paris, France 163 Jardin des Plantes, Paris, France 166 Part 3 England Environment 172 Social and Cultural History 173 11: Elements of English Garden Design 179 12: Landscape Expression: The Renaissance Garden in England 187 Hampton Court, Middlesex, England 189 13: Landscape Expression: The Early-Eighteenth-Century English Landscape 197 Rousham, Oxfordshire, England 201 Stowe, Buckinghamshire, England 207 Stourhead, Wiltshire, England 217 14: Landscape Expression: The English Landscape Park 223 Chatsworth, Derbyshire, England 227 Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, England 233 15: Landscape Expression: The Nineteenth-Century Victorian Garden 239 Biddulph Grange, Staffordshire, England 243 16: Landscape Expression: The English Flower Garden 247 Hestercombe, Somerset, England 251 Sissinghurst Garden, Kent, England 257 17: Landscape Expression: Modern Variations 265 The English Walled Garden at Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois 267 18: Landscape Expression: The Royal Parks of England 277 Hyde Park, London, England 279 St. James Park, London, England 283 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 287 INDEX 295