CONTENTS 1 : Plane Table Survey 1 - 27 1.1Equipments used in plane Table surveying 2 1.2 Setting up the plane table (Temperory adjustments) 6 1.3 General Instructions regarding Plane table surveying 7 1.4 Methods of Plane Table surveying 8 1.5 Two point Problem 14 1.6 Three point problem 15 1.7 Errors in Plane Tabling 20 1.8 Testing and adjusting the plane table and alidade 22 1.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of Plane Tabling 23 Summary 25 Exercise 27 2 : Theodolite Traversing 29 -126 2.1 History 30 2.2 Introduction 30 2 3 Classification of a theodolite 30 2.4 Uses of Theodolite 31 2.5 Sizes of Theodolite 31 2 6 Transit Vernier Theodolite 32 2.7 Terms used in Transit Theodolite 33 2.8 Fundamental Lines of a Transit theodolite 34 2.9 Adjustments of a Theodolite 35 2.10 Reading the vernier scale 42 2.11 Measurement of Horizontal Angle 43 2.12 Measurement of Vertical Angle 47 2.13 Measurement of deflection Angle 50 2.14 Measurement of direct angles 51 2.15 Measurement of magnetic bearing of lines 52 2.16 Prolonging a straight line 52 2.17 Levelling with a theodolite 54 2.18 Finding height of an object by means of an theodolite 55 2.19 Errors in Theodolite 57 2.20 Theodolite Traversing 67 2.21 Methods of Traversing 67 2.22 Traverse Computation 73 2.23 Closing Error 75 2.24 Balancing the traverse 76 2.25 Gale's Traverse Table 77 2.26 Omitted measurements 78 Summary 107 GTU Solved Questions 110 Exercise 120 Chapter 3 : Trigonometric Levelling 127-172 3.1 Introduction 128 3.2 Principles of Trigonometric Levelling 128 3.3 Methods of Determining the Elevation of a Point by Theodolite 129 3.3.1Base of an Object Accessible 129 3.3.2 Base of an Object Inaccessible, Two Instrument Stations in the Vertical Plane thraugh the Elevated Object. 130 3.3.3 Base of an Object Inaccessible, Instrument Stations not in the Same Vertical plane through the Elevated Object. 135 Examples 137 3.4 Indirect Levelling on a Rough Terrain 146 3.5 Indirect Levelling on a Steep Slope 148 3.6 Effect of Refraction 149 3.7Curvatine Correction 153 3.8 Axis - Signal Correction 155 3.9 Difference in Elevation 159 3.10Summary of Corrections 162 GTU Solved Questions 168 Summary 170 Exercise 172 4: Curves 175-258 4.1Introduction 176 4.2 Classification of curves 176 4.3 Definitions of simple curves 178 4.4 Elements of simple circular curve 180 4.5 Setting cut a simple circular curve 183 4.6 Obstacles in setting out a simple curve 195 4.7 Methods of setting out simple circular curve 199 4.8 Transition Curve 202 4.8.1Introduction 202 4.8.2 Requirements of a transition curve 205 4.8.3 Types of transition curve 205 4.8.4 Calculations of deflection angles of transition curve 207 4.8.5 Characteristics of transition curve 209 4.8.6 Equilibrium cant and cant deficiency 212 4.8.7 Length of transition curve 212 4.8.8 Cartezian co-ordinate of two points 214 4.9 Compound curves 227 4.9.1Elements of a compound curve 228 4.9.2 Setting out of compound curve 229 4.10 Reverse curve 232 4.11 Vertical curve 243 4.11.1 Types of vertical curve 244 4.11.2 Relationship between length of curve and rate of change gradient R 245 GTU Solved Questions 247 Summary 253 Exercise 255 5 : Computation of Area and Volume 259 - 341 Introduction 260 5.1Measurement of Area 260 5.2 Computation of area by field measurements 261 5.3 Offsets at Irregular Interval 271 5.4 Planimeter 274 5.5 Computation of Volumes 282 5.5.1Computation of volumes 283 1. Levelsectoin 283 2. Two level section 284 3. Side hill two level section 287 4. Three level section 288 5. Multi level section 289 5.6 Trapezoidal and Prismoidal formulae 291 5.7 Prismoidal Crrection (Cp) 293 5.8 Curvature Correction (Cc) 294 5.9 Computation of volume from spot levels 296 5.10 Computation of volumes from contours 298 GTU Solved Questions 325 Summary 331 Exercise 336 6 : Hydrography 343 - 364 6.1 Control Points 344 6.2 Shore Line Survey 345 6.3 Soundings 346 6.3.1. Purpose of Soundings 346 6.3.2. Sounding Equipment 346 6.4 Locating Sounding 349 6.5 Tides 357 6.5.1.LunarTides 358 6.5.2.Solar Tides 359 6.6 Measurement of Tides 359 Summary 362 Exercise 363 7 : Setting Out Works 265 - 383 Induction 366 Controls of setting out 366 7.1 Setting out of a building 367 7.2 Setting out of a culvert 370 7.3 Setting out of a bridge 372 7.4 Setting out of a tunnel 376 7.5 Some important terms 379 Summary 381 Exercises 383 Survey Practicals 385 - 421 Experiment-1 386 Experiment -2 390 Experiment -3 394 Experiment - 4 399 Experiment -5 405 Experiment -6 408 Experiment -7 411 Experiment -8 414 Experiment -9 417 Experiment -10 420 Model Question Papers & GTU Question Papers 423-443 key Word Index 444