CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Acts of Defiance 1 Introduction 2 The utility and romance 7 2 America's Invention 13 Introduction 14 Yosemite Valley 15 Yellowstone 19 John Muir 24 Saved by the cavalry 28 Notes 33 3 Scenic Reserves 35 Introduction 36 'America of the South' 38 'God's Own Country' 43 The Canadian railroad-parks 49 4 The Forest Reserves 55 Introduction 56 State and provincial parks 58 The Southern forests 62 The United States' Forest Service66 The Canadian forest reserves 71 5 Wildlife Reserves 75 Introduction 76 The sporting hunter 78 Antipodean wildlife reserves 81 Canada's 'ample sanctuaries' 85 6 National Monuments 91 Introduction 92 Naturschutz 95 The Swedish national parks 98 The Swiss national park 102 The National Trust 105 7 Conservation and the American Parks109 Introduction 110 The Hetch Hetchy Valley 113 Frustrated ambition 117 'America First' 122 The Organic Act 127 8 Parks and Empire Making 133 Introduction 134 The hunter naturalist 137 The Kruger national park 141 Parks and strict nature reserves 147 The George V Memorial Park 152 British East Africa 157 9 The Making of a Parks System 163 Introduction 164 The Canadian Parks Branch 167 The National Park Service 171 Parks across America 177 Parks for purchase 182 Parks and road construction 187 10 National Playgrounds 193 Introduction 194 Tourist development 197 Park standards 203 Park interpretation 206 Naturalization 212 Parks' predator control 218 Zapovedniki 223 11 Parks as Contested Grounds 229 Introduction 230 African dispossession 234 Rights to the parks 239 The right to roam 245 Bush walking 250 Wilderness preservation 255 12 Parks and the Wider Governance 263 Introduction 264 The Latin American parks 268 The Grand Tetons 272 National planning 277 Parks and post-war planning 283 13 An Uncertain Legacy 291 Introduction 292 Rhetoric and reality 293 The last half-century 297 Notes 304 References 305 Index 329