CONTENTS Acknowledgements x How to use this book 1 Part 1 Key concepts 1.1 Deprivation 5 1.2 Ethnicity 6 1.3 Health equity audits 9 1.4 Inequality/equality 11 1.5 Inequity/equity 13 1.6 Lay epidemiology 15 1.7 Life course socioeconomic position 17 1.8 Living standards 22 1.9 Official and vital statistics 23 1.10 Poverty 25 1.11 Psychosocial factors 27 1.12 Segregation 29 1.13 Social capital 33 1.14 Social class 35 1.15 Social exclusion 37 1.16 Social mobility 39 1.17 Social status 43 1.18 Social stratification 44 1.19 Status inconsistency 45 1.20 Wealth 47 Part 2 Measures of socioeconomic position 2.1 Amenities 51 2.2 Benefit claimants 54 2.3 Breadline Britain and the Millennium Survey of Poverty and Social Exclusion 57 2.4 Cambridge Social Interaction and Stratification Scale (CAMSIS) 60 2.5 Car ownership and access 62 2.6 Carstairs Deprivation Index 65 2.7 Child poverty - the official government measure 69 2.8 Deprivation indices 72 2.9 Education 75 2.10 Erikson and Goldthorpe class schema 78 2.11 Fuel poverty 80 2.12 Housing conditions 83 2.13 Housing status (including homelessness) 86 2.14 Housing tenure 89 2.15 Housing wealth 93 2.16 Income 97 2.17 Index of Local Conditions 1991 100 2.18 Indexof Local Deprivation 1998 102 2.19 Indices of Deprivation 2000 103 2.20 Indices of Deprivation 2004 108 2.21 Jarman underprivileged area (UPA) score 112 2.22 Job insecurity MS 115 2.23 National Statistics Socioeconomic Classification (NS-SEC) 117 2.24 Northern Ireland Multiple Deprivation Measure (NIMDM) 2005 120 2.25 Occupation-based measures 124 2.26 Occupational social class - Registrar General's Social Classes (RGSC) 127 2.27 Overcrowding 130 2.28 Poverty - the official government measure 134 2.29 Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) 2006 137 2.30 Townsend Index of Deprivation 140 2.31 Unemployment 142 2.32 Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation (WIMD) 2005 145 Part 3 Measures of inequality 3.1 Absolute differences 151 3.2 Dissimilarity Index 154 3.3 Gini coefficient 157 3.4 Households Below Average Income (HBAI) 160 3.5 Index of Disparity 163 3.6 Measures of average disproportionality 165 3.7 Range 169 3.8 Relative Concentration Index (RCI) 171 3.9 Relative differences 176 3.10 Relative Index of Inequality (Rll) 178 3.11 Slope Index of Inequality (Sll) 181 3.12 Standardised outcomes 184 3.13 Theil Index and mean log deviation 192 Part 4 Theoretical and methodological issues 4.1 Age-period cohort analysis (or effects) 199 4.2 Atomistic fallacy 202 4.3 Bar charts 203 4.4 Box and whisker plots 205 4.5 Cartograms 206 4.6 Choropleth maps 209 4.7 Correlation coefficients 212 4.8 Ecological fallacy 215 4.9 Funnel plots 218 4.10 Geographic information systems (CIS) 222 4.11 Incidence 225 4.12 Line graphs 227 4.13 Percentages 229 4.14 Populations 230 4.15 Prevalence 231 4.16 Proportional mortality ratio (PMR) 233 4.17 Proportions 236 4.18 Scatter plots 237