CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 overview 1 Discussion 4 Defining Convivial Spaces 6 2 Public Spaces - Why Have Them and Who Are They For? 11 Why Have Public Space and Who Is It For? 11 Securing an Inclusive or Exclusive Urban Realm 16 Children and Public Space 33 Addressing the Use of Public Space by Young People 39 3 What Makes a Space Convivial? 47 Principles and Underpinnings 47 The Psychology of Public Space 51 Aesthetics - Sensing the Character of an Area 56 Important Influences on the Use of Public Space 64 Size, Shapes and Types of Public Space 73 4 How Can One Create and Sustain Successful Public Spaces? 81 Designed or Evolved? 81 Case Study: Ciutat Vella, Barcelona 88 Comfort 92 Case Study: Berlin 107 Joy 111 Case Study: Bristol 122 Managing and Maintaining Public Spaces 125 Case Study: Padua 130 Case Study: York 134 Conclusion: The Constituents of Conviviality 139 References and Bibliography 145 Index 151