CONTENTS PREFACE 9 PART I The Pre-Urban House INTRODUCTION 1 1 1. EPHEMERAL OR TRANSIENT DWELLINGS 14 African Bushmen Skerm 16 BaMbuti Pygmy Hut 18 Arunta Hut 19 Prehistoric and Historic Ephemeral Dwellings 20 2. EPISODIC OR IRREGULAR TEMPORARY DWELLINGS 22 Inuit Igloo a3 Plains Indian, Tungus, and Lapp Tents 28 Communal Episodic Dwellings 82 Wai-Wai and Yanomamo Communal Dwellings 84 Erigbaagtsa and Cubeo Maloca 36 Prehistoric and Historic Episodic Dwellings 38 3. PERIODIC OR REGULAR TEMPORARY DWELLINGS 41 The Mongolian and Kirgizian Yurt 42 Air-Tuareg Tent 44 Bedouin Black-Tent 45 Prehistoric and Historic Periodic Dwellings 47 4. SEASONAL DWELLINGS 48 Navaho Hogan and Ramada 49 Nuer Kraal 51 Masai Boma 52 Barabaig Gheid 54 Pokot Dwelling 55 Prehistoric and Historic Seasonal Dwellings 56 5. SEMIPERMANENT DWELLINGS 57 Luyia and Luo Dwelling 58 Mesakin Quisar Cluster Dwelling 60 Awuna Cluster Dwelling 62 Gurunsi Compound Dwelling 63 Dogon Cluster Dwelling 64 Mayan Oval House and Mexican Jacal 66 Pueblo 68 Prehistoric and Historic Semipermanent Dwellings 70 6. PERMANENT DWELLINGS 73 Chinese Cave Dwellings 75 Italian Trullo 77 Slovakian Village Farmhouse 79 The Hungarian Farmstead 81 The Low German Farmhouse 83 Bernese Farmhouse 85 New England Homesteads 87 The Traditional Quebec Farmhouse 89 SUMMARY 91 PART II The Oriental Urban House INTRODUCTION 95 1. ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS 100 Mesopotamia 100 Egypt 108 Indus Civilization 112, China 119 2. THE GREEKS AND THE ROMANS 123 Hellenic, Hellenistic, and Roman Cities 128 The Greek Peristyle House 129 The Roman Atrium House 136 3. THE TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC CITY AND ITS URBAN HOUSE 145 The al-Fustat House and the North African Dar 151 The Urban House of Cairo 161 The Baghdad House 168 4. THE TRADITIONAL URBAN HOUSE IN INDIA 1 79 Jaisalmer 181 Jaipur 184 Udaipur 188 Ahmadabad 189 5. THE TRADITIONAL URBAN HOUSE IN CHINA 1 93 The City of Beijing 198 The Beijing House 196 6. THE JAPANESE URBAN HOUSE IN KYOTO 204 The City of Kyoto 204 The Kyoto Merchant's House 205 SUMMARY 209 PART III The Occidental Urban House INTRODUCTION 213 1. THE DARK AGES 217 The Eclipse of Roman Cities 217 The Emergence of Medieval Cities 228 The Early Medieval Urban Dwelling 229 2. THE MIDDLE AGES 234 Medieval Fortress Cities 284 Dubrovnik 240 Rothenburg ob der Tauber 248 Salisbury 254 The Late Medieval Urban House 258 3. THE AGE OF THE RENAISSANCE 267 The Impressive City 267 Residential Squares and Crescents 270 The Town House 282 4. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 289 Industrialism and Urbanism 389 Back-to-Backs, Tenements, and Bylaw Housing 298 From Villadom to Suburbs 306 Nineteenth-Century Suburban Development 306 Riverside, Illinois 307 Bedford Park, London 309 Parisian Apartment Buildings 311 Apartment Buildings in Great Britain 313 New York City Apartment Houses 331 Studio Apartment Houses 339 Apartment Hotels 341 5. TWENTIETH-CENTURY HOUSING (1900-1950) 344 Domestic Revival in Great Britain 844 Arts and Crafts in North America 356 Avant-Garde Movements of Europe: Art Nouveau, Jugendstil, Secession, National Romanticism, and Nieuwe Kunst 36g Housing Between the Two World Wars 382 6. TWENTIETH-CENTURY HOUSING (1950-2000) 413 Decline of American Cities 413 Court-Garden Homes 422 Attached Town House Dwellings 426 High-Rise Luxury Apartments 432 High-Rise Tenements 487 Point Blocks 442 Mixed-Use Buildings 445 Mid-Rise Housing 452 Collective Habitation and Communal Dwellings 460 Residential Conversions 466 Neotraditional Dwelling Design and New Urbanism 468 CONCLUSION 472 BIBLIOGRAPHY 475 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 487 INDEX 489