CONTENTS 1.1 Research Question 2 1.2 Aim 2 1.3 Objectives 2 1.4 Scope and Limitation 2 1.5 Analytical Framework 3 1.6 Tentative Chapter Plan 4 2.1 Urbanisation 5 2.1.1 Growth of Cities 5 2.1.2 Urban agglomeration structures 7 2.2 Urban sprawl 7 2.2.1 Types of urban sprawl 8 2.2.2 Factors leading to urban sprawl 9 2.2.3 Impacts of urban sprawl 9 2.2.4 Benefits of urban sprawl 10 2.2.5 Findings from urban sprawl 10 2.3 Measuring urban sprawl 11 2.3.1 Density Gradient 11 2.3.2 Dispersion Index 11 2.3.3 Concentration-deconcentration 11 2.4 Urban growth dynamics 12 2.5 Urban growth management 13 2.6 Alternative growth scenario 14 2.6.1 Urban growth boundaries 14 2.6.2 Urban service boundaries 14 2.7 Assessment of Master plans 15 2.8 Case studies to control sprawl 15 2.8.1 U.S Context 15 Case of Oregon 15 Case of Washington 16 2.8.2 Latin American context 16 Case of Curitiba 16 2.8.3 European and British Columbian Context 16 Case of Copenhagen 16 Case of Vancouver 16 2.8.4 Australian Context 17 Case of Melbourne 17 2.8.5 Asian Context 17 Case of Seoul 17 Case of Hong Kong 17 2.8.6 Indian Context 18 Case of Ahmedabad 18 2.9 Findings and Conclusion 20 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 City profile 22 3.2.1 Regional setting 22 3.2.2 Physical Characteristics 23 3.2.3 Climate 23 3.2.4 Demography 24 3.2.5 Economy 25 4.1 Emergence of Agglomerations 30 4.2 Changes in Land use 31 4.3 Increase in Built up area 313 4.4 Role of Master Plans and Land Development policies 35 4.4.1 Development Plan for Visakhapatnam – 1970 36 4.4.2 Master Plan for Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region - 1989 36 4.4.3 Revision of Master Plan for Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region - 2021 37 4.5 Emerging concerns of spatial growth of Visakhapatnam 37 5.1 Population density gradient 40 5.2 Dispersion Index 41 5.3 H-indicator or Concentration-deconcentration 42 5.4 Real Estate 43 5.5 Summary 45 6.1 Changes in Land use 47 6.2 Impact on Housing 50 6.2.1 Primary survey findings (housing) 50 6.3 Impact on Infrastructure 51 6.3.1 Water supply 51 6.3.2 Sewerage 51 6.3.3 Solid waste 51 6.3.4 Primary survey findings (Physical infrastructure) 52 6.3.5 Primary survey findings (Social infrastructure) 52 6.4 Impact on Transportation 53 6.4.1 Per Capita Trip Rate (PTCR) 53 6.4.2 Primary survey findings (Mode of Transport) 53 6.5 Impact on Quality of Life 54 6.6 Costs and Benefits of sprawl from primary survey 55 6.7 Findings and conclusion 56 7.1 Recommendations 58 7.2 Urban growth management for Visakhapatnam 58 7.2.1 Urban service districts 58 7.2.2 Restoring the zonal development plans (ZDPs) 59 7.2.3 Modifications at Master Plan level 59 7.3 Summary of short comes and recommendations 59 8. Refereces 61 Annexures 63