CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Congestion Pricing 2 1.3 Research Questions 4 1.4 Aim 4 1.5 Research Objectives 4 1.6 Conceptual Framework 5 1.6.1 Marginal social cost 5 1.7 Scope and Limitation 6 1.8 Methodology 7 1.9 Thesis Structure 8 2 Literature Review 10 2.1 Congestion Overview 10 2.2 Congestion Pricing 11 2.3 Congestion Pricing Technologies 12 2.4 Component technologies 13 2.5 Externalities 15 2.6 Evaluation of Urban Road Pricing Schemes 15 2.6.1 Successful 16 2.6.2 Unsuccessful 23 2.7 Benefits of Congestion Charging – Direct and Indirect Cost 25 2.8 Scheme Design 26 2.9 Evaluation of Congestion in Indian Cities 29 2.10 Congestion in Delhi 29 2.11 Conclusion 30 3 Delhi – Transport Profile 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Transportation in Delhi 31 3.2.1 Road Network 31 3.2.2 Public Transport 33 3.2.3 Motor Vehicle 34 3.3 Traffic Volume 36 3.4 Policy 39 3.5 Selection of study area 40 3.6 Conclusion 41 4 Transport Mode Choice Behavioral Change 43 4.1 Introduction 43 4.1.1 Marginal Congestion Cost 43 4.1.2 Traffic Volume and Speed 44 4.1.3 Value of Time 45 4.2 Survey Design 46 4.3 Sample Selection 47 4.4 Travel and Socio Economic Characteristics of the Sample 49 4.5 Attitude and opinion of respondents 51 5 Impact Analysis 56 5.1 Binary Logit Model 56 5.2 Impact of Different Attributes 57 5.2.1 Mode Choice 58 5.3 Projections 59 5.3.1 Projections at Area Level (Connaught Place) 60 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 64 6.1 Conclusions 64 6.2 Recommendations 67 7 References 68 Annexture - I 77 Annexture - II 83