CONTENTS : Preface to the Second Edition vii Preface to the First Edition ix Acknowledgments xv Guide to Pronunciation xvii 1. General Introduction 1 2. Carvakism: Materialism 13 INTRODUCTION 13 EPISTEMOLOGY 14 METAPHYSICS 18 ETHICS 20 3. Jainism 23 INTRODUCTION 23 METAPHYSICS 24 EPISTEMOLOGY 30 GOD AND LIBERATION 33 ETHICS 35 4.Buddhism 37 A. The Buddha's Teachings 37 INTRODUCTION 37 THE PALI CANON 38 APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF SUFFERING 39 THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS 40 NIRVANA 46 B. Philosophical Foundations of the 49 Buddha's Teachings INTRODUCTION 49 PROCESS ONTOLOGY, DEPENDENT ORIGINATION, 49 AND IMPERMANENCE THE DOCTRINE OF KARMA 53 THE DOCTRINE OF NON-SELF (ANATTA) 53 C. Buddhist Schools of Philosophy 60 THE HlNAYANA-MAHAYANA DIVISION 60 THE VAIBHASIKA SCHOOL 68 THE SAUTRANTIKA SCHOOL 74 THE YOGACARA SCHOOL 77 THE MADHAYAMIKA SCHOOL 81 D. Buddhist Psychology and Ethics 101 THE CONCEPT OF IDENTITY 101 PSYCHOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CONCEPT OF IDENTITY 104 5. Samkhya 119 INTRODUCTION 119 METAPHYSICS 120 EPISTEMOLOGY 132 GOD 138 BONDAGE AND SALVATION 141 6. Yoga 145 INTRODUCTION 145 METAPHYSICS AND EPISTEMOLOGY 146 STRUCTURE OF THE YOGA-SUTRAS 148 YOGIC MEDITATION 149 Dharana - Dhyana - Samadhi YOGIC KNOWLEDGE 153 KAIVALYA (LIBERATION) 155 CONCLUDING REMARKS 155 7. Vaisesika 157 INTRODUCTION 157 METAPHYSICS AND THE CATEGORIES 158 EPISTEMOLOGY 174 GOD 176 BONDAGE AND LIBERATION 177 8.Nyaya 181 INTRODUCTION 181 THE SIXTEEN CATEGORIES (PADARTHAS) 183 EPISTEMOLOGY 184 Perception - Inference - Comparison (Upamana) - Testimony (Sabda) METAPHYSICS 201 SELF AND LIBERATION 202 GOD 205 9. Vedanta 209 INTRODUCTION 209 A. The Vedic Background 211 B. The Upanisads 216 BRAHMAN 217 ATMAN 221 KNOWLEDGE AND FREEDOM (MOKSA) 223 C. Schools of Vedanta 227 INTRODUCTION 227 ADVAITA VEDANTA : NON-DUALISM 227 Introduction - Pramanas - Samkara's Theory of Reality - Two Kinds of Knowledge - God - Bondage and Freedom (Moksa) VISISTADVAITA VEDANTA: QUALIFIED 255 NON-DUALISM Introduction - Brahman and Selves - Maya - God - Bondage and Salvation DVAITA VEDANTA: DUALISM 268 Introduction - Theory of Reality - God - Bondage and Salvation CONCLUDING REMARKS 272 10. Time and History in the Indian Tradition 275 INTRODUCTION 275 BASIC CONCEPTS OF ADVAITA VEDANTA 276 BASIC CONCEPTS OF BUDDHISM 278 IMPLICATIONS TO HISTORY 278 11. A Glimpse at the Contemporary Scene 291 INTRODUCTION 291 SRI AUROBINDO 298 S. RADHAKRISHNAN 303 Bibliography 309 Glossary 333 Index 349