CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2 1.1 Literature Review 2 1.1.1 Labour migration 2 1.1.2 Types of labour migration 3 1.1.3 Theories of migration for the purpose of work / labour migration 5 1.1.4 Migration in India 6 1.1.5 Migrant workers, informal sector and city economy 8 1.1.6 Labour migration in Kerala 9 1.1.7 Vulnerability of migrant workers 9 1.2 Research Gaps 11 1.3 Aim 12 1.4 Objectives 12 1.5 Methodology 12 1.6 Scope and Limitations of the study 16 1.7 Scheme of Chapterisation 16 2. Urbanisation and the trends of in-migration 19 2.1 Ernakulam 19 2.2 The City of Cochin 20 2.4 Economic base of Ernakulam 24 2.5 Influx of Migrant workers to Ernakulam 25 2.7 Migrant pockets in the GCDA limits 26 2.7 Conclusion 28 3. The study area: Kochi city area and Perumbavoor 30 3.1 Introduction 30 3.1.1 Case I – Kochi City Region 30 3.1.1.1 Landuse and Economy 30 3.1.1.2 Labour market 32 3.1.2 Case II - Perumbavoor Municipality area 33 3.1.2.1 Landuse and Economy 33 3.1.2.2 Labour market 35 3.2 Size and composition of inter-state migrants 35 3.3 Factors that account for in-migration 38 3.4 Conclusion 39 4. Life and living of interstate migrants 41 4.1 Access to basic planned services 41 4.1.1 Housing 41 4.1.2 Water and Sanitation 43 4.2 Access to socio - economic opportunities 45 4.2.1 Food 45 4.2.2 Health 46 4.2.3 Better Economic Opportunity 46 4.2.4 Wage rate 48 4.2.5 Duration of work 49 4.2.6 Finance 49 4.3 Access to Social Network and society 50 4.3.1 Labour market relationships 50 4.3.2 Freedom and rights 51 4.3.3 Identity proofs 53 4.3.4 Registration, Social Security and Benefits 53 4.3.5 Social groups 55 4.4 Conclusion 56 5. Vulnerability of Migrant workers 59 5.1 Based on duration of stay 59 5.2 Sector in which the migrants are employed 61 5.3 Accommodation provided by employer or self 61 5.4 Registered under a scheme or not 62 5.5 Conclusion 63 6. Migrant workers and the city planning process 65 6.1 Marginalisation in Administrative Planning 65 6.2 Marginalisation in Physical Planning 67 6.3 Marginalisation in Socio-Economic Aspect 68 6.4 Conclusion 69 7. Major findings, Conclusion and Recommendation 72 7.1 Major findings and Conclusion 72 7.3 Recommendations 77 8. Bibliography 79 9. Annexure 82 9.1 Primary Survey Questionnaire 82