CONTENTS List of figures, tables and boxes vtii Foreword x Preface xiii List of acronyms and abbreviations xv 1 The rise and fall of forests 1 2 Sustainable forest management: a response to destruction 11 Introduction 11 The tropical forest problem 11 Land use and management - the two elements of sustainability 13 Wider considerations 20 3 Genesis of a treaty: the ITTA takes shape 27 Phase 1 27 Phase 2 31 Phase 3 37 4 ITTO's early days: optimism and experiment 39 The International Tropical Timber Agreement 39 Other international initiatives 41 The 2nd Session of Council -Yokohama, March 1987 43 The 3rd Session of Council - Yokohama, November 1987 46 The 4th Session of Council - Rio de Janeiro, June-July 1988 47 5 First assessment: living in a foors paradise 49 Introduction 49 The definition of issues 50 The findings of the study 54 The conditions for sustainable production 55 Conditions of success 60 Recommendations to the International Tropical Timber Council - November 1988 60 Consideration by the International Tropical Timber Council at its 5th Session 62 6 From Abidjan to Bali: a radical new agenda 63 The context 63 The 6th Session of Council - Abidjan, May 1989 64 The 7th Session of Council - Yokohama, November 1989 69 The 8th Session of Council - Bali, May 1990 70 Guidelines 70 The Year 2000 Objective 72 7 The case of Sarawak 74 The Mission 74 The task of the Mission 75 The 'native peoples' question 77 Forestry in Sarawak 79 Findings of the Mission 82 The assessment 88 Recommendations 90 Reception at the International Tropical Timber Council 90 8 Ferment 1990-1992 98 International Tropical Timber Organization Action Plan 1990 100 The Quito Round Table and the Year 2000 Target 101 Other issues at Quito 103 The 11th Session of Council - Yokohama, November 1991 107 The 12th and 13th Sessions of Council -Yaounde and Yokohama, May and November 1992 108 9 Tropical forests, or all forests? Renegotiating the ITTA 113 International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994 115 10 Has the tropical timber trade any leverage? Policies 1991-1995129 Criteria and indicators 129 The development of Forest Resource Accounting 139 Economic linkages 139 11 The many roads from UNCED 143 International developments: 1992-1995 143 International developments: after 1995 149 12 ITTO's road to 1995: ENGOs diverge 153 The 15th Session of Council - Yokohama, November 1993 153 The 16th Session of Council - Cartagena, May 1994 154 The 19th Session of Council - Yokohama, November 1995 158 13 1995-2000: getting on with the job 165 Council matters under the International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994 165 Missions 166 Criteria and indicators 168 The Libreville Action Plan 169 The Year 2000 Report 171 14 Year 2000 Report: the curate's egg? 172 Introduction 172 Interpretation of the Year 2000 Objective 173 Analysis of progress in producer countries 176 The position in consumer countries 196 Interactions 196 Conclusions 198 15 Reaction: false start, new energy 208 The 28th Session of Council - Lima, May 2000 208 The 29th Session of Council - Yokohama, October- November 2000 213 The Yokohama Action Plan 2002-2006 21 5 The Mission to Indonesia and illegal logging 218 Forest law enforcement 221 The International Tropical Timber Organization in 2001 223 16 Policies into action: some case studies Policies and projects 228 Case studies 234 17 ITTO: agent of change 243 18 Changing landscapes, future prospects 247 How much forest? 248 Trends in forest use 250 The way forward: from words to action 254 Appendices 259 1 Definitions 259 2 The London Environmental Economics Centre report and certification 261 Notes 265 References 277 Index