CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY I to XIV 1. RESEARCH COMPONENTS 1 1.1. Background Study 2 1.2. Research Questions 2 1.3. Aim 3 1.4. Objectives3 1.5. Limitations 3 1.6. Methodology 4 2. LITERATURE STUDY 7 2.1. Introduction to Natural Disasters 9 2.1.1. Types and groups of Disasters 10 2.1.2. Disasters Identified by the High Powered Committee 10 2.2. Disaster Management 12 2.2.1. The Disaster Management Cycle 13 2.3. Relief 16 2.3.1. Relief: Meeting more than just basic needs 18 2.3.2. Relief: Platform for recovery 18 2.4. Rehabilitation 19 2.4.1. Rehabilitation: Socio-Economic Aspects 19 2.4.1.1. Social Aspects 19 2.4.1.2. Economic Aspects 20 2.4.2. Rehabilitation Process 21 2.5. Relief to Rehabilitation: Examples 23 2.5.1. Bosnia-Rebuilding with Milk and Potatoes 23 2.5.2. Kenya-making Participation Work in Camps 24 2.6. India, its Geography and Natural Disasters 25 2.7. Measures taken by Government (MoHA, 2004) 27 2.8. Natural Disaster: Cyclones 29 2.9. Cyclone Formations 31 2.9.1. Factors responsible for the formation of Tropical Cyclones 32 2.10. Cyclone Affected Regions 33 2.11. Cyclone Vulnerability 34 2.11.1. Different Vulnerable Sectors 34 2.12. India and Cyclones 35 2.12.1. Cyclone vulnerable regions in India 35 2.12.2. Vulnerability of Coastal Zones 38 2.12.3. Storm Surges along Indian coasts 38 2.12.4. Past Incidences in India 39 2.13. Main Mitigation Strategies 40 2.13.1. Cyclone Warning Organisation 41 2.14. Cyclone Pre-Disaster and Post-Disaster Tasks 42 3. CASESTUDY45 3.1. Andhra Pradesh and Natural Disasters 47 3.1.1. History of Cyclones in the State 48 3.1.2. Factors responsible for Vulnerability of the State to Cyclone 48 3.2. Region Selected 50 3.3. Nizampatnam Mandal 51 3.3.1 Demographics 52 3.3.2. Land-Use Pattern 54 3.4. Nizampatnam and Cyclones 56 3.5. Nizampatnam Disaster Management Plan 57 3.5.1. Institutional Setup 59 3.5.2. Community Based Disaster Management 60 4. ANALYSIS 62 4.1. Perception Study 64 4.2. Data Analysis 66 4.2.1. Cyclone Shelter 67 4.2.2. Impact of Cyclone Shelters 69 4.2.3. Action Plan during Cyclone Laila w.r.t. Dindi Revenue Village 71 4.3. Primary Survey 73 4.4. Findings and Conclusion 80 5. RECOMMENDATIONS 81 5.1. Threat 1: Loss of Lives 82 5.2. Threat 2: Loss of Shelter 82 5.3. Threat 3: Degradation of Social-Economic conditions 83 APPENDIX 085 Appendix 1. Household Questionnaire 86