CONTENTS List of Figures vi Listof Tables ix Listof Boxes x Annexure xii Abbreviations xiii Executive Summary xiv 1 INTRODUCTION - THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DEBATE 1 1.1BACKGROUND 1 1.2 AIM OF THIS STUDY 4 1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS 4 1.4PROCESS 5 1.5 SELECTION OF CASE STUDY CITIES 5 1.5.1 Case Study Cities 7 1.6 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT 9 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND URBAN FORM 10 2.1 SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 10 2.2 URBAN FORM 12 2.2.1Density 15 2.2.2 Land Use 16 2.2.3 Accessibility and Transport Infrastructure 18 2.2.4 Layout 20 2.2.5 Inter-relationship of Elements of Urban Form 21 2.3 DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPT AND GLOBAL PRACTICES 21 2.3.1 New Urbanism 21 2.3.2 Urban Containment 22 2.3.3 Smart Growth 24 2.3.4 Compact City 24 2.4 GAPS IN EFFECTIVE SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA 25 2.4.1 Ambiguous Policy, Regulatory and Institutional Environment 25 2.4.2 Non-Inclusive Urban Planning Approach 27 2.4.3 Linking Green and Brown Agendas 29 2.5 BRIDGING SOCIOECONOMIC GAPS - THE PROBLEM OF INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS 31 2.5.1 Absence of Space-Utilities Linkages 32 2.5.2 Others 33 2.6 RESPONSE So FAR 34 2.6.1Government's Response 34 2.6.2 Private Sector Response 36 2.6.3 Other Stakeholders' Response 37 2.7 CONCLUSION 38 3 STUDY FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 40 3.1THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS 40 3.2 THE STUDY FRAMEWORK - MACRO LEVEL STUDY 41 3.2.1 Selection of Cities and Case Studies 41 3.3 THE STUDY FRAMEWORK-MESO LEVEL STUDY 41 3.4 THE STUDY FRAMEWORK-MICRO LEVEL STUDY 42 3.4.1 Neighbourhood Studies 43 3.5 ANALYSES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 45 3.6 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CASE STUDY AREAS 46 3.6.1Rajkot 46 3.6.2 Faridabad 46 4 CASE STUDY AREA- FARIDABAD 48 4.1INTRODUCTION 48 4.2 STRUCTURE OF THE CITY 49 4.3 CITY CHARACTERISTICS 50 4.3.1 Demographic Profile 50 4.3.2 Density 51 4.3.3 Landuse Planning 51 4.3.4 Services and Infrastructure 53 4.3.5 Road Transportation and Communications 54 4.3.6 Housing 55 4.3.7 Health Services 55 4.3.8 Education Services 56 4.3.9 Recreational 56 4.3.10 Industrial Growth and Environment Implications 56 4.3.11 Urban Environment and Energy 57 4.3.12 Slum Development 58 4.4 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE 59 4.4.1Municipal Corporation of Faridabad 59 4.4.2 Haryana Urban Development Authority 60 4.4.3 Town & Country Planning Department, Govt. of Haryana 60 4.5 PROFILE OF THE SELECTED AREAS 61 4.6 AREA 1-OLD FARIDABAD (SECTOR 18) 62 4.6.1Location 62 4.6.2 Demography and Social Characteristics. 62 4.6.3 Access 63 4.6.4 Land Use 63 4.6.5 Open Spaces 65 4.6.6 Social Infrastructure 66 4.6.7 Physical Infrastructure 66 4.6.8 Building Typology 66 4.6.9 Energy Use 67 4.7 AREA 2 - NEW INDUSTRIAL TOWNSHIP (NEIGHBOURHOOD 5) 67 4.7.1Location 67 4.7.2Demography and Social Characteristics 68 4.7.3 Access 68 4.7.4 Land Use 69 4.7.5 Open Spaces 71 4.7.6 Social Infrastructure 72 4.7.7 Physical Infrastructure 73 4.7.8 Building Typology 73 4.7.9 Energy Use 74 4.8 AREA3-SECTOR 15 74 4.8.1 Location 74 4.8.2 Demography and Social Characteristics 74 4.8.3 Access 75 4.8.4 Land Use 75 4.8.5 Open Spaces 76 4.8.6 Social Infrastructure 77 4.8.7 Physical Infrastructure 78 4.8.8 Building Typology 78 4.8.9 Energy Use 78 4.9 AREA4-SECTOR 30 AND 31 (SHRAMIK VIHAR) 79 4.9.1 Location 79 4.9.2 Demography and Social Characteristics 79 4.9.3 Access 80 4.9.4 Land Use 81 4.9.5 Open Spaces 82 4.9.6 Social Infrastructure 83 4.9.7 Physical Infrastructure 83 4.9.8 Building Typology 84 4.9.9 Energy Use 84 5 CASE STUDY AREA - RAJKOT 85 5.1INTRODUCTION 85 5.2 STRUCTURE OF THE CITY 86 5.3 CITY CHARACTERISTICS 86 5.3.1Demographic Profile 86 5.3.2 Density 87 5.3.3 Landuse Planning 87 5.3.4 JNNURM Initiatives and Vision 88 5.3.5 Industrial Growth and Environment Implications 89 5.3.6 Economic Drivers 90 5.4 PROFILE OF SELECTED AREAS 90 5.5 AREA 1 - WARD 8 (HISTORICAL CORE) 91 5.5.1Location 91 5.5.2 Demography and Social Characteristics 91 5.5.3 Access 91 5.5.4 Land Use 92 5.5.5 Income 93 5.5.6 Open Spaces and Building Typology 93 5.5.7 Social Infrastructure 94 5.5.8 Physical Infrastructure 94 5.6 AREA 2-Town PLANNING SCHEME No.1 95 5.6.1Location 95 5.6.2 Demography and Social Characteristics 95 5.6.3 Access 96 5.6.4 Land Use 96 5.6.5 Income 97 5.6.6 Open Space 97 5.6.7 Social Infrastructure 98 5.6.8 Physical Infrastructure 98 5.6.9 Energy Use 98 5.7 AREA 3-TOWN PLANNING SCHEME No. 3A 99 5.7.1Location 99 5.7.2 Demography and Social Characteristics 99 5.7.3 Access 99 5.7.4 Income 100 5.7.5 Land Use 100 5.7.6 Open Space 101 5.7.7 Social Infrastructure 101 5.7.8 Physical Infrastructure 102 5.7.9 Building Typology 102 5.8 AREA 4-TOWN PLANNING SCHEME No. 3B 102 5.8.1Location 102 5.8.2 Demography and Social Characteristics 103 5.8.3 Access 103 5.8.4 Land Use 103 5.8.5 Income 103 5.8.6 Open Space and Building Typology 104 5.8.7 Social Infrastructure 105 5.8.8 Physical Infrastructure 105 5.9 AREAS-TOWN PLANNING SCHEME No. 5 105 5.9.1Location 105 5.9.2 Demography and Social Characteristics 106 5.9.3 Land Use 106 5.9.4 Income 106 5.9.5 Open Space 107 5.9.6 Physical Infrastructure 107 5.10 AREA 6-TOWN PLANNING SCHEME No. 22 108 5.10.1Location and Access 108 5.10.2 Demography and Social Characteristics 108 5.10.3 Land Use 108 5.10.4 Open Space 109 5.10.5 Income 110 5.10.6 Social Infrastructure 110 5.10.7 Physical Infrastructure 110 6 KEY OBSERVATIONS 111 6.1 DENSITY 111 6.2 LAND USE 111 6.3 ACCESSIBILITY 111 6.4 LAYOUT AND OPEN SPACE DYNAMICS 111 6.5 SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 113 6.6 ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY 114 6.7 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 114 7 RECOMMENDATIONS 116 7.1BACKGROUND 116 7.2. REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES 117 7.3. CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING ASPECTS 119 7.3.1Strengthen Linkages between City Planning and Development Activities 119 7.3.2 Infrastructure Planning and Influence on City Form 124 7.3.3 Promoting Sustainable City Form 126 7.3.4 Integrating the Green and the Brown Agenda 128 7.4 MICRO-LEVEL INTERVENTIONS 128 7.4.1Density 128 7.4.2 Land use 129 7.4.3 Accessibility and Transport 129 7.4.4 Layout 130 7.4.5 Integrating Green and Brown Agendas 130 7.5 CONCLUSIONS 131 REFERENCES 132