CONTENTS Foreword vii Preface ix List of Tables xv List of Figures xix List of Maps xxl Abbreviation xxiii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Context of the Study 1.2 Probtem of the Study 1.3 Issues Involved 1.4 Objectives 1.5 Hypotheses 1.6 Method of Analysis 1.6.1 Secondary Data and its Sources 1.6.2 The Need of Primary Data 1.6.3 Primary Data and its Sources 1.6.4 Sampling Technique 1.7 Study Area 1.8 Limitations of the Study 1.9 Chapterisation 2. Rural-Urban Migration and Slums: A Review 17 2.1 Rural Urban Migration Process 2.2 Two Leading Theories 2.3 Empirical Studies 2.4 Determinants of Rural-Urban Migration 2.4.1 Geographical Distance and Personal Contact 2.4.2 Better Facilities in Urban Areas 2.4.3 Educational Facilities 2.4.4 Government Policies 2.4.5 Constraints 2.4.6 Rural-Urban Wage Differential 2.4.7 Underemployment & Rural Less Agricultural Income 2.4.8 Migrants in Urban Center 2.5 Major Studies on Rural-Urban Migration in Orissa 2.6 Research on Slums 3. Profile of Bhubaneswar and Its Slums 40 3.1 Urbanisation Scenario: India and Orissa 3.2 Urbanisation in Orissa 3.3 Urbanisation and Slums 3.4 Bhubaneswar the Capital of Orissa State 3.4.1 Location 3.4.2 Brief History 3.4.3 Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation (Bmc) At a Glance 3.5 Urban Growth and Slums in Bhubaneswar 3.6 Present Status of Slums in Bhubaneswar 3.7 Social Profile of Slums in Bhubaneswar 3.7.1 Established Slums 3.7.2 Encroached Slums 3.7.3 Resettlement Slums 3.8 Tenural Status of Slum Pockets 3.9 Urban Utility Services Provided by the Slum Dwellers 3.10 Government Decisions for Rehabilitation 3.11 Development Structures and Works in the Slums 3.11.1 Shelter 3.11;2 Drinking Water 3.11.3 Education and other Training Programmes 3.11.4 Health Care 3.11.5 Sanitation 3.11.6 Community Bin System 3.11.7 Drainage System 3.11.8 Income Generating Activities for Women 3.11.9 Poverty Alleviation Programmes 3.1.12 Forcible Eviction of Slums 4. Findings of the Study: Rural-Urban Migration and Slum Dwellers 76 4.1 Migrant Labourers of Bhubaneswar 4.2 Status 4.3 Causes/Facts Responsible for Migration 4.4 Activities Before Migration 4.5 Causes & Motives 4.6 Mobility 4.7 Rural Link 4.8 Growth Profile of Slums 4.9 Demographic Profile 4.10 Educational Level 4.11 Occupation, Skill and Livelihood 4.12 Child Labour 4.13 Monthly Income 4.14 Monthly Expenditure 4.15 Savings, Insurance Particulars and SHGs 4.16 Debt Position 4.17 Asset Position 4.18 Living Environment 4.19 Dwelling Condition 4.20 Health Status 4.21 Birth and Death Profile 4.22 Education Scenario 4.23 Development Programmes 5. Summary, Conclusion and Policy Implications 153 Bibliography 161 Index 171