Table of Contents Executive Summary 6 List of Figures 11 List of Tables 13 Abbreviations 14 Organization of Chapters 15 1. INTRODUCTION 16 1.1 Background 16 1.2 Rationale/Justification 16 1.3 Literature Review 17 1.4 Research Question 19 1.5 Research Objectives 19 1.6 Scope of the study 19 1.6.1 Sectoral scope 19 1.6.2 Spatial scope 20 1.6.3 Temporal scope 20 2. BROAD METHODOLOGY 21 2.1 City selection 21 2.2 Studying the variability and changes in the city 21 2.3 Identifying the impacts on the urban systems 21 2.4 Calculating the emissions of the systems 21 2.5 Assessing vulnerability of the systems 22 2.6 Integration of adaption and mitigation in the city (system) planning 22 3. DETAIL METHODOLOGY 23 3.1 City selection 23 3.2 Studying the variability and changes in the city 23 3.2.1 Population change 23 3.2.1.1 Observed population change 23 3.2.1.2 Future population change 24 3.2.2 Climate change 24 3.2.2.1 Observed climate changed 24 3.2.2.2 Future climate change 24 3.3 Identifying the impacts on urban systems 25 3.3.1 Observed impacts on Sectors 27 3.3.2 Future impacts on Sectors 27 3.4 Calculating the emissions for the Valsad 27 3.4.1 Emissions calculation from electricity 28 3.4.2 Emissions calculations from water 28 3.4.3 Emissions from transportation 29 3.4.4 Emissions calculation from municipal solid waste 29 3.4.5 Emissions calculation from waste water 30 3.5 Vulnerability assessment of the city 31 3.5.1 Present Vulnerability 31 3.5.1.1 Identifying indicators: 31 3.5.1.2 Giving score to the indicators 50 3.5.1.3 Calculating the component score 51 3.5.1.4 Calculating the vulnerability score 51 3.5.2 Future Vulnerability 52 3.6 Integrating adaptation and mitigation 52 4. RESULTS – A CASE OF VALSAD 55 4.1 Changes and variability 55 4.1.1 Population change 55 4.1.1.1 Observed population change 55 4.1.1.2 Future population projection 56 4.1.2 Climate change 57 4.1.2.1 Temperature 57 4.1.2.2 Precipitation 60 4.2 Sector wise Impacts, Emissions and Vulnerability & Integration 63 4.2.1 Waste 63 4.2.1.1 Impacts on Waste 63 4.2.1.2 Emissions from waste 65 4.2.1.3 Vulnerability of waste 67 4.2.1.4 Integrating Adaptation & Mitigation in Waste 69 4.2.2 Waste Water 72 4.2.2.1 Impacts on waste water 72 4.2.2.2 Emissions from waste water 73 4.2.2.3 Vulnerability of waste water 75 4.2.2.4 Integration of adaptation & mitigation in waste water 77 4.2.3 Water 81 4.2.3.1 Impacts on water 81 4.2.3.2 Emissions from water 82 4.2.3.3 Vulnerability of water 83 4.2.3.4 Integration of adaptation & mitigation in water 86 4.2.4 Electricity 89 4.2.4.1 Impacts on Electricity sector 89 4.2.4.2 Emissions from electricity 91 4.2.4.3 Vulnerability of electricity 93 4.2.4.4 Integration of adaptation & mitigation in electricity 94 4.2.5 Transportation 96 4.2.5.1 Impacts on transportation 96 4.2.5.2 Emissions from transportation 99 4.2.5.3 Vulnerability of transportation 100 4.2.5.4 Integration of adaptation & mitigation in transport 102 5. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSIONS 105 5.1 Summary of research findings 105 5.2 Concluding remarks 108 Bibliography 110