CONTENTS Contributors ix Foreword by Mark Van Putten xv Preface xix Introduction 1 Thomas P. Lyon Part I: Where Are Environmental NGOs Headed? 1 The Twenty-First-Century NGO 17 John Elkington and Seb Beloe 2 Who Is Part of the Environmental Movement? 48 Andrew J. Hoffman and Stephanie Bertels Part II: How Do Social Scientists Understand NGOs? 3 Civil Society and the Environment: Understanding the 73 Dynamics and Impacts of the U.S. Environmental Movement Robert Brulle and J.Craigjenkins 4 Environmental Groups: What Political Science Has to Offer 103 Lawrence S. Rothenberg 5 An Economic Perspective on NGO Strategies and Objectives 136 John W.Maxwell Part III: How Do Practitioners Understand NGOs? 6 Confrontation vs. Cooperation: Alternative NGO Styles 167 Thomas P. Lyon 7 World Wildlife Fund 171 Matthew C. Banks 8 Environmental Defense Fund 184 Gwen Ruta 9 Greenpeace 195 Ken Davies 10 Rainforest Action Network 208 Jennifer Krill 11 Corporate Responses to NGO Campaigns 221 Martin B. Zimmerman 12 Cooperation: Learning from BP's Experience with NGOs 228 Steven W. Percy Part IV: The Road Ahead 13 An NGO Research Program: A Collective Action Perspective 239 Erica Johnson andAseem Prakash 14 Good Cops, Bad Cops, and the New Environmental 267 Governance Thomas P. Lyon Index 273