CONTENTS Editor v Contributors vii-ix Introduction to Lake Ecosystem Ecology: A Global Perspective xiii LAKE ECOSYSTEMS: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND CHANGE Lakes as Ecosystems W M Lewis 1 Ecological Zonation in Lakes W M Lewis 11 Littoral Zone J A Peters and D M Lodge 18 Benthic Invertebrate Fauna, Lakes and Reservoirs D L Strayer 27 Trophic Dynamics in Aquatic Ecosystems U Gaedke 41 Eutrophication of Lakes and Reservoirs V Istvanovics 47 Paleolimnology J P Smol 56 Effects of Climate Change on Lakes I/I/ F Vincent 65 Modeling of Lake Ecosystems L Hakanson 71 HYDRODYNAMICS AND MIXING IN LAKES Biological-Physical Interactions C S Reynolds 79 Mixing Dynamics in Lakes Across Climatic Zones S Maclntyre and J M Melack 86 Density Stratification and Stability B Boehrer and M Schultze 96 Small-Scale Turbulence and Mixing: Energy Fluxes in Stratified Lakes A Wuest and ALorke 107 The Benthic Boundary Layer (in Rivers, Lakes, and Reservoirs) A Lorke and S Maclntyre 115 Currents in Stratified Water Bodies 1: Density-Driven Flows F Peeters and R Kipfer 124 Currents in Stratified Water Bodies 2: Internal Waves L Boegman 133 Currents in Stratified Water Bodies 3: Effects of Rotation J P Antenucci 153 Currents in the Upper Mixed Layer and in Unstratified Water Bodies F J Rueda and JVidal 162 Meromictic Lakes K M Stewart, K F Walker, and G E Likens 177 LAKES AND RESERVOIRS OF THE WORLD Origins of Types of Lake Basins D K Branstrator 191 Geomorphology of Lake Basins 6 Timms 203 Reservoirs C Nilsson 211 Abundance and Size Distribution of Lakes, Ponds and Impoundments J A Downing and C M Duarte 220 Saline Inland Waters M J Waiser and R D Robarts 230 Antarctica J C Priscu and C M Foreman 241 Arctic G WKIing 253 Africa: North of Sahara M Ramdani, N Elkhiati, and R J Flower 265 Africa : South of Sahara O V Msiska276 Asia B Gopal and D Ghosh 290 Australia and New Zealand J D Brookes and D P Hamilton 302 Europe G A Weyhenmeyer, R Psenner, and L J Tranvik 313 North America W H Renwick 323 South America M E Llames and H E Zagarese 332 LAKES AND RESERVOIRS: POLLUTION, MANAGEMENT AND SERVICES Shallow Lakes and Ponds M Meerhoff and E Jeppesen 343 Lake Management, Criteria A C Cardoso, G Free, P Noges, 0 Kaste, S Poikane, and A Lyche Solheim 354 Lake and Reservoir Management E Jeppesen, M Sondergaard, H S Jensen, and A-M Ventala 376 Effects of Recreation and Commercial Shipping J E Vermaat 391 Biomanipulation of Aquatic Ecosystems L-A Hansson and C Bronmark 396 Vector-Borne Diseases of Freshwater Habitats V H Resh 403 Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems R Abell, S Blanch, C Revenga, and M Thieme 412 Aquatic Ecosystem Services K E Limburg 422 International Water Convention and Treaties A T Wolf 428 Index 437