CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 6 DETAILS OF TABLES 10 TABLE OF FIGURES 12 LIST OF CHARTS 13 ANNEXURES 14 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 15 LIST OF DEFINITIONS 16 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 19 1 FORMULATING THE RESEARCH 2 INTRODUCTION 2 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 2 NEED OF THE STUDY 5 1.2 NEED OF THE STUDY 5 DELINEATION OF THE STUDY AREA 5 1.3 DELHI-MUMBAI STUDY AREA 5 1.4 AIM 6 1.5 OBJECTIVES 6 1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 6 1.7 METHODOLOGY 7 1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 7 1.9 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 8 1.10 SUMMARY 8 2 AVIATION AND EMISSIONS 10 BACKGROUND 10 2.1 AVIATION EMISSIONS BACKGROUND 10 2.1.1 HOW DO AIRCRAFT AFFECT THE CLIMATE 11 2.2 SUMMARY 13 INTERNATIONAL STUDIES ON EMISSIONS 14 2.3 GLOBAL SCENARIOS & STUDIES 14 2.3.1 AVIATION GROWTH GLOBALLY: 14 2.3.2 INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS STEPS: 14 AIRCRAFT GHGS AT CRUISING ALTITUDES 16 2.4 GHG EMISSIONS AT CRUISING 16 2.5 SUMMARY 17 FUTURE FORECASTS OF AVIATION GHGS 17 2.6 INTERNATIONAL FORECASTS: 17 2.7 SUMMARY 19 3 CONCERNS & DEVELOPMENTS IN MITIGATION OF AVIATION GHG EMISSIONS 21 EMISSION REDUCTION TOOLS 21 3.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF EMISSSION REDUCTION 21 3.2 MONITORING TOOLS & FRAMEWORKS 23 3.2.1 FRAMEWORKS: 23 3.2.1.1 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 23 3.2.1.2 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 23 3.2.1.3 The Kyoto Protocol 23 3.2.1.4 NATCOM: 24 3.2.2 MONITORING TOOLS: 24 3.2.2.1 EMISSION CALCULATIONS TOOLS 24 3.2.2.2 Emission Modelling 25 3.3 SUMMARY 26 GLOBAL SCENARIO ON EMISSION REDUCTION 26 3.4 EMISSION REDUCTION STRATEGIES 26 3.3.1 CASE STUDIES: 27 3.3.2 INDIVIDUAL AIRLINES STEPS: 28 3.5 SUMMARY 28 STATUS OF INDIAN AVIATION GHG ESTIMATES 29 3.6 INDIAN AVIATION & GHG EMISSIONS 29 3.4.1 AVIATION GROWTH IN INDIA: 30 3.7 SUMMARY 32 4 DELHI-MUMBAI ROUTE 34 INTRODUCTION OF THE REGION 34 4.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTE: 35 TRAFFIC ANALYSIS 36 4.2 TRAFFIC SCENARIO IN THE ROUTE: 36 4.2.1 DATA ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE CALCULATIONS: 37 4.2.2 COMPOSITION OF ROUTES: 37 4.2.3 COMPARISON WITH MAJOR METROS IN THE COUNTRY. 40 4.2.4 COMPARISON WITH MAJOR METROS AIRLINE WISE: 40 4.3 SUMMARY: 41 5 EMISSION INVENTORY FRAMEWORK 43 BACKGROUND 43 5.1. INTRODUCTION OF METHODS OF EMISSION INVENTORY 43 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 44 5.2. DESCRIPTION OF 3-TIER METHODS 46 5.2.1 METHODS 46 5.2.1.1 TIER-1: Very simple- Purely fuel based 46 5.2.1.2 TIER-2: Simple- LTO cycle based 46 5.2.1.3 TIER 3: Detailed- Individual aircraft based 48 5.3. SUMMARY OF 3-TIERS 50 5.4. CHOICE OF METHODS 51 5.5. CHOICE OF ACTIVITY DATA 52 5.6. SUMMARY 53 6 GREENHOUSE GAS POTENTIAL 55 INTRODUCTION 55 6.1 BACKGROUND OF THE EMISSIONS FROM AVIATION 55 GHG EMISSION CALCULATION (PRESENT) 56 6.2 METHOD FOR CALCULATION FOR GHGS 56 6.2.1 DELHI-MUMBAI ROUTE 57 6.2.1.1 Carbon-dioxide (CO2) 57 6.2.1.2 Nitrogen oxide (NOx) 58 6.2.1.3 Nitrous oxides (N2O) 58 6.2.1.4 Methane (CH4) 59 6.2.2 DELHI-MUMBAI DETAILS 60 6.2.2.1 Direct flights: 61 6.2.2.2 Via flights: 61 6.2.2.3 Airline wise Details: 63 6.3 DELHI-MUMBAI ROUTE COMPARISON WITH OTHER ROUTES 64 GHG EMISSION CALCULATION (PROJECTIONS) 64 6.4 GHG EMISSION PROJECTIONS 64 6.4.1 Scenario-1 64 6.4.2 Scenario-2 65 6.5 SUMMARY 66 7 COST ASSESSMENT OF THE AVIATION EMISSIONS 68 INTRODUCTION 68 DESCRIPTION OF ECONOMIC EVALUATION METHODS 69 7.1. THE SOCIAL COST OF CARBON (SCC) EMISSIONS 69 7.2. SOCIAL COST OF CARBON FOR THE STUDY AREA 71 7.3. THE SHADOW PRICE OF CARBON (SPC) EMISSIONS 72 7.4. SHADOW PRICE OF CARBON FOR THE STUDY AREA 73 7.5. SUMMARY 74 8 STRATEGIES FOR EMISSION REDUCTION 76 INTRODUCTION ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 8.1. INTERNATIONAL PLATFORMS AVAILABLE IN THE AREA FOR EMISSION REDUCTION 76 8.2. EXISTING POLICY INSTRUMENTS FOR THE MITIGATION MEASURES 77 8.2.1 Aircraft and Engine Technology Options 77 8.2.2 Fuel Options 77 8.2.3 Operational options 77 8.2.4 Regulatory, Economic, and Other Options 77 DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGIES 78 8.3. IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY 79 8.3.1 Potential of improved technology in India 79 8.3.1.1 Installation of Blended winglets: 79 8.3.1.2 Installation of dryers 80 8.3.1.3 Installation of Air units 81 8.4. IMPROVEMENTS IN OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCIES 82 8.4.1 Potential of improved operation management systems in India 83 8.4.1.1 Improved Air Traffic Management for reducing delays 83 8.4.1.2 Continuous Descent approach (CDA) 84 8.4.1.3 Optimising routes & air traffic 84 8.5. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS 86 8.5.1 Potential of Economic instruments for Aviation Emissions 86 8.5.1.1 Carbon offset mechanism 86 8.5.1.2 Emission Trading System 94 9 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 100 BACKGROUND 100 9.1. EXISTING INTERNATIONAL AVIATION REGULATIONS 100 9.1.1 The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 100 9.1.2 The system of bilateral air transport/service agreements between governments. 101 9.1.3 The National Aviation Authorities 101 9.1.4 The Local Airport Authorities, 101 9.2. EXISTING INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL SETTING IN INDIA: 101 9.2.1 Institutional Framework: 101 9.2.1.1 Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) 101 9.2.1.2 Director General of civil Aviation (DGCA) 101 9.2.2 Legal Framework: 102 9.2.3 Regulatory Framework: 102 9.2.4 Existing Policy Framework 102 9.2.5 Proposed Policy Framework 102 9.3. PROPOSED INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 103 THESIS -WAY FORWARD 104 REFERENCES 106