Content 1. Introduction 11 1.1 Aim 13 1.2 Objective 13 1.3 Scope and Limitation 13 1.4 Overall Methodology 14 2. Urbanization, Poverty, Risks and Vulnerability 16 2.1 Urbanization and Migration 16 2.2 Migrants, Poverty, Slums and Vulnerability 17 2.3 Risk, Hazard, Disaster and Vulnerability 18 2.4 Case Studies 18 2.4.1 Slum dwellers in Indian Cities : Case of Surat in Western India 18 2.4.2 Oriya Migrants in Surat Aspirations and Accomplishments: Oriya Migrants in Surat 19 2.5 Vulnerability Concept 20 2.5.1 Sensitivity 22 2.5.2 Exposure 22 2.5.3 Adaptive Capacity 23 2.6 Approach for Vulnerability Assessment 23 2.6.1Community Level Vulnerability Assessment 23 2.6.2 Top-Down Approach 24 2.6.3 Bottom-Up Approach 25 3. Conceptual Framework Used for the Vulnerability Assessment 26 3.1 Socio-Demographic Profile 27 3.2 Infrastructure Profile 27 3.3Health Profile 28 3.4 Livelihood Profile 28 3.5 Vulnerability Capacity Index 29 3.6 Sampling 32 3.7 Study location 33 4. Surat an Overview 34 4.1 City Profile 34 4.2 Demographic Profile 35 4.3 Economic Profile 36 4.4 Topography and Climate Profile 39 4.4.1 Future Climate Predictions for Surat 40 4.5 History of Disaster in Surat 41 4.6 City Slum Profile 42 4.7 Oriya Migrants 44 Chapter summary 45 5. Socio Demographic and Vulnerability Analysis 47 5.1 Demographic Data 47 5.1.1. Educational Status of the Migrants 48 5.1.2 Marital Status 48 5.1.3 Oriya Migrants accompanied at entry in Surat 49 5.1.4 Duration of residence in Surat 50 5.1.5 Oriya Migrants Classified by Reason for Migration 50 5.2 Economic profile 52 5.2.1 Income and Assets 52 5.2.2 Job Security 53 5.2.3 Assets Owned 54 5.2.4 Loans and Debts 55 5.3 Health profile 55 5.4 Infrastructure Profile 57 5.4.1 Type of Residential Structure 58 5.5 Migrant Perception and Awareness 59 5.5.1 Ownership of Identification proof 59 5.5.2 Past Experience of Extreme Environmental Event 60 5.5.3 Opinion on Settlement in the city 61 5.5.4 Learning’s and Findings from the Study 62 5.6 Overall Vulnerability Analysis using VCI method 63 5.6.1 Material Vulnerability 63 5.6.2 Institutional Vulnerability 64 5.6.3 Attitudinal vulnerability 65 5.6.4 Comparison of Overall Vulnerability of the four Slum locations. 66 Chapter summary 67 6. Conclusion 68 Recommendations 70 Bibliography 71