CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES i LIST OF FIGURES ii LIST OF MAPS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 0 1.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 2 1.2 AIM 2 1.3 OBJECTIVES 2 1.4 ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK 3 1.4.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 1.4.2 LANDUSE ANALYSIS 4 1.4.3 SELECTION OF VILLAGES 4 1.4.4 `PRELIMINARY DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSIS 5 1.4.5 CONDUCTING QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE INTERVIEWS 5 1.4.6 ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS 5 1.4.7 PROPOSAL 5 1.5 METHODOLOGY 5 1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS 7 1.6.1 SCOPE 7 1.6.2 LIMITATIONS 7 1.7 ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY 8 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 11 2.1 CONCEPT OF URBANIZATION 11 2.1.1 INTRODUCTION 11 2.1.2 CAUSES OF URBANIZATION 11 2.1.3 IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION 12 2.2 SANSKRITIZATION 26 2.3 CONTESTATION OF SPACES- PROCESS OF MARGINALISATION OF THE TRIBES 27 2.4 INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT 28 2.5 CONCLUSION 29 3. STUDY AREA PROFILE 32 3.1 SRINIKETAN SANTINIKETAN PLANNING AREA 32 3.1.1 INTRODUCTION 32 3.1.2 REGIONAL LINKAGES 33 3.1.3 PHYSIOGRAPHY 34 3.1.4 DEMOGARPHIC PROFILE 37 3.1.5 LANDUSE-LANDCOVER PROFILE 40 3.1.6 ECONOMIC PROFILE 41 3.1.7 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL BASES: 44 4. URBANIZATION OF SSPA 47 4.1 INTRODUCTION 47 4.2 SANTHALS AND SANTINIKETAN 49 4.2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SANTHALS IN BIRBHUM 50 4.2.2 HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE SANTHALS IN BIRBHUM 50 4.2.3 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 51 4.2.4 INTRODUCTION OF SANTINIKETAN 52 4.2.5 BEGINNING OF VISVA BHARATI 54 4.2.6 BEGINNING OF SRINIKETAN AS A SEAT OF URBANIZATION 54 4.2.7 EVOLUTION OF THE BOLPUR TOWN 55 4.2.8 CHANGING SOCIETY 56 4.2.9 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED GRADUALLY 56 4.3 SANTINIKETAN SRINIKETAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (SSDA) 58 4.4 THE DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL OF LUDCP 60 4.4.1 PROJECTS COMPLETED 61 4.5 PRESENT URBANISATION SCENARIO OF THE PLANNING REGION 63 4.6 LAND USE 64 4.7 URBANIZATION IN THE SANTHAL VILLAGES OF SSPA 67 4.8 CRITICAL ISSUES OF URBANIZATION 67 5. SPATIAL IMPACTS OF LAND USE CHANGE IN SSPA ON THE TRIBAL VILLAGE AND SETTLEMENTS 71 5.1 DETECTING CHANGES THROUGH GOOGLE EARTH AND COMPARING THEM WITH THE GROWTH OF POPULATION 71 5.1.1 SAMPLING PROCEDURE AND STATISTICS 75 5.2 TRIBAL HAMLETS: AREA OF PRIMARY SURVEY 75 5.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS 81 6. IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION ON THE SANTHAL TRIBES OF SSPA 83 6.1 ECONOMIC IMPACTS 83 6.1.1 LAND 84 6.1.2 OCCUPATION 86 6.1.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS 90 6.2 SOCIAL IMPACTS 92 6.2.2 CONCLUDING REMARKS 98 7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 100 7.1 CONCLUSION 100 7.1.1 ECONOMIC IMPACTS: 100 7.1.2 SOCIAL IMPACTS 101 7.1.3 MAIN FINDINGS 101 7.2 RECOMMEMDATION 102 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 105 9 ANNEXURE 108