CONTENTS Preface xi Introduction 1 Patterns of Growth: Central Places and Urban Networks 2 Urban Ecology 4 Characteristic Aspects of American Urbanization 4 Predominant Urban Forms in American History 6 PART |Seedtime for Urban America: The Colonial Town 10 Chapter 1 First Settlements 13 The First Urban America 13 Spanish and French Settlements: Urbane Outposts 18 Jamestown and Virginia: The First English Settlements 20 New England: Cities on the Hill 25 New York and Philadelphia: The Gridiron Emerges 28 The Carolinas: Rice Planters and English Nostalgia 30 Savannah: A Four-Part Vision 32 Chapter 2 On the Waterfront: Economy and Society in Eighteenth-Century English Colonies 38 The Atlantic Trade 40 New Crops and New Markets 41 Social Classes, Old and New 47 Precarious Lives 51 Supporting Institutions: Family, Church, Tavern 53 Urbanity 56 Chapter 3 Governing the Colonial Town 62 The Varieties of Disorder 64 The Response of Local Government 65 Popular Politics 68 Towns in the Revolution 70 External Relationships and Internal Structure 72 PART 2 The Market Place, 1790-187076 Chapter 4 Creating a National Urban Economy 81 Urbanmania in the West 81 Eastern Cities and Western Clones 84 Foundations: The Northeastern Regional Economy 86 Factories in the Fields 87 Urban Industry and the Changing Nature of Work 91 Canals and Railroads: New Arteries 95 Forging a Western Urban Region 97 New York Takes Charge 102 Wallflower at the Ball: The Urban South 104 Political Implications of a National Urban Economy 109 ChapterS Different Spaces, Separate Lives 113 A New Place Called Downtown 114 The Residential City: Where to Live and How to Get There 118 Far from the Madding Crowd: The Suburban Ideal 123 The Home as Sanctuary 128 Space and Class 131 Immigrant Cities 134 Blacks: A Separate Urban Nation 137 The Drawing Apart of Classes and Cultures 142 Chapter 6 The Burgeoning of Middle-Class Urban Reform 149 The Ideals of Reform 150 City Government and the Business of Reform 151 Public Health: A New Urban Concept 152 The Professionalization of Fire and Police Protection 157 Poverty as a Moral Issue 161 The Search for Open Space: Cemeteries and Parks 166 The City as a Way of Life 172 PART 3 The Radial Center7 1870-1920 178 Chapter 7 Yearning to Breathe Free: Urban Society and the Great Migration 185 Twilight's First Gleaming: Steel-Driving Cities 185 Working Is Not a Living: Labor in the Industrial City 191 A Woman's Work 196 The Web of Poverty 200 The Workers' Response 204 The Foreigners Arrive 207 Ethnic Space: The Neighborhood 212 Making It 215 Blacks: The Forgotten Ethnic Group 221 Racial Space: The Ghetto 226 Chapters The Age of Urban Reform 236 Ward Heelers and Mornin' Glories: Urban Politics in a Diverse Society 236 The Service City: A Progressive Ideal 243 The Technocrat: A New Force in the Cities 245 Helping the Other Half: Housing the Urban Poor 248 Radial Suburbs 259 Radiant Centers 266 The Columbian Exposition and the City Beautiful 274 Urban Planning and the City Efficient 277 The Garden City: Starting from Scratch 279 PART 4 The Vital Fringe, 1920-1970 284 Chapter 9 The First Suburban Decade 289 The Nuclear Home 290 Automobility and the New Metropolis 292 The Urban Economy Decentralizes 296 Shaping the Twentieth-Century Metropolis 302 Los Angeles: The Present as Future 306 Creating a National Urban Culture 309 Organized Crime Incorporates 317 Ethnic Mobility: The Jewish Example 320 Chapter 10 The Federal Connection: Urban America in Depression and War 323 The Great Depression and the American City 323 Putting the Cities Back to Work 327 The New Deal Legacy 334 Cities at War 336 Chapter 11 Divided Metropolis: City and Suburb in the Postwar Era, 1945-1970 342 The Apotheosis of the Suburban Dream 343 Urban Renewal: Towers and Tombs 348 Springtime for Urban America: Images from the Fifties and Sixties 357 The Long, Hot Summers: The Inner City Explodes 360 Federal Urban Initiatives: From Renewal to Conservation 363 The Widening Gap: The City Splits in Two 368 PART 5 The Multicentered Metropolis: 1970 to the Present 374 Chapter 12 Frostbelt and Sunbelt: The Regional Shift 379 The High Costs of Urban Decline 380 The New Federalism: Revenue Sharing and Its Consequences 388 The Rise of the Sunbelt 394 The Newest Immigrants: Hispanics and Asians 400 Shadows on the Sunbelt 405 Chapter 13 Central City and Out-Town: The Metropolitan Shift 410 Urban Recovery: The Story of Two Cities 412 Downtowns: The New Hub of the Knowledge Economy 414 Renovating the Central Cities 416 Neighborhood Preservation 419 The Second City: Separate and Unequal 424 Urban Administration: The Management Metaphor 429 Reagan and the Federal Retreat from Urban Assistance 433 The Multicentered Urban Chain: Out-Towns, Mall-Towns, and Conurbations 435 Precedents and Prefigurations 438 Controlling the Leviathan 440 Social Implications of the Multicentered Metropolis 443 Appendix I Population and Rank of Largest U.S. Cities, 1790-1986 447 Appendix 2 Suggestions for Further Reading - 453 Index 473