CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES 5 LIST OF IMAGES 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 1. INTRODUCTION . 23 1.1. SCOPE 24 1.2. LIMITATIONS . 25 2. RESEARCH DESIGN . 26 2.1. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 26 2.2. AIM 26 2.3. OBJECTIVES . 26 3. LITERATURE REVIEW 27 3.1. THE NEED FOR BEHAVIOUR STUDIES IN PLANNING 27 3.2. BEHAVIOUR IN PUBLIC PLACES . 29 3.3. THE CONCEPT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PUBLIC SPACE . 30 3.4. THEORIES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOUR 31 3.4.1. Arousal Theory 31 3.4.2. Stimulus Load Theory . 31 3.4.3. Behaviour Constraint Theory 32 3.4.4. Adaption Level Theory 32 3.4.5. Environment Stress Theory 32 3.4.6. Perception or Cognition Theory 33 3.5. LITTER 34 3.6. IMPACTS OF LITTERING 34 AN EXPLORATION OF LITTERING BEHAVIOUR IN PUBLIC PLACES: AIDS TO BETTER PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT 3.6.1. Social . 35 3.6.2. Financial 35 3.6.3. Environmental 36 3.7. FACTORS CAUSING/DETERRING LITTERING BEHAVIOUR . 36 3.7.1. Social Norms 37 3.7.2. Density . 37 3.7.3. Messages and Norms 37 3.7.4. Demographic and Personal Inclination . 38 3.7.5. Physical Context of Littering 39 3.7.6. General Inferences 40 3.8. INFLUENCES ON PRO ENVIRONMENTAL/ANTI LITTERING BEHAVIOUR 40 3.9. CASE STUDIES, BEST PRACTICES & GUIDELINES 42 3.9.1. KEEP BRITAIN TIDY 43 3.9.2. CLEANLINESS CAMPAIGNS IN MALAYSIA 45 3.9.3. ZERO WASTE SCOTLAND 46 3.9.4. FINES, PUNISHMENTS AND ENFORCEMENT 48 3.9.5. ANTI LITTERING CAMPAIGN– MANILA 49 3.9.6. KEEP AUSTRALIA BEAUTIFUL CAMPAIGN (KABC) 50 4. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY 51 4.1. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK . 52 4.2. PROCESS AND STUDY 53 4.3. SITES SELECTED 53 4.4. DATA COLLECTION 54 4.4.1. BANGALORE 54 4.4.2. AHMEDABAD . 59 AN EXPLORATION OF LITTERING BEHAVIOUR IN PUBLIC PLACES: AIDS TO BETTER PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT 5. CRITICAL ANALYSIS: LITTERING behaviour IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT . 65 4.5. KNOWLEDGE 66 4.5.1. Lack of proper Infrastructure (Bins) nearby 69 4.5.2. No fear of regulations 72 4.5.3. Belief that there is a lack of awareness . 74 4.6. ATTITUDE . 76 4.6.1. Clean spaces deter littering 77 4.6.2. Littering has become a habit . 79 4.6.3. Imitation 80 4.6.4. Spaces in the public domain are more susceptible 80 4.7. PRACTICES 81 4.7.1. Searching for a trash can . 81 4.7.2. Holding onto litter 82 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 84 5.1. RECOMMENDATIONS . 85 5.1.1. Increased scrutiny 85 5.1.2. Fine enforcements along with community service models: punishments mirror the offence . 86 5.1.3. Mandatory education at school level . 87 5.1.4. Segmentation strategy . 87 5.1.5. Revised powers and strategies for authorities within the legal framework 87 5.1.6. Redefining the norms to initiate behaviour changes 88 6. REFERENCES 89 7. ANNEXURE 1 93 SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE- Online KAP Survey 93 AN EXPLORATION OF LITTERING BEHAVIOUR IN PUBLIC PLACES: AIDS TO BETTER PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT KEY PERSON INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE (FOR OFFICIALS) 95 8. ANNEXURE 2 96 9. ANNEXURE 3 . 110