Tables xi Preface xiii To the Student xvii Introduction 1 1.1The World of Fluid Mechanics 1 1.2The Physics of Fluids 10 1.3Dimensions and Units of Measurement 24 1.4Vector Algebra and Calculus 29 1.5Problems 36 Bibliography 38 Fluid Statics 39 2.1 Forces on a Fluid Particle 39 2.2 Stress in a Fluid 40 2.3 Pressure in a Static Fluid 41 2.4 Pressure Forces on Solid Surfaces 52 2.5 Pressure Forces on Bodies Immersed in Fluids 60 2.6 Stratified Fluids 68 2.7 Surface Tensiqn and Capillarity 75 2.8Hydraulic Force Transmission 77 2.9Problems 79 Bibliography 88 Conservation of Mass 89 3.1 Kinematics of Fluid Flow 89 3.2Control Volumes and Surfaces 97 3.3Conservation of Mass 100 3.4Conservation of Chemical Species 707 3.5Two-Phase Flow 110 3.6Measuring Volume and Volume Flow Rate 111 3.7Problems 111 Bibliography 725 Inviscid Flow 727 4.1Criterion for Inviscid Flow 727 4.2Acceleration of a Fluid Particle 128 4.3Euler's Equation 130 4.4Bernoulli's Equation 133 4.5Euler's Equation in Streamline Coordinates 750 4.6Inviscid Flow in Noninertial Reference Frames 752 4.7Special Flows 160 4.8Problems 163 Bibliography 184 Conservation of Momentum 7S5 5.1 Introduction 7S5 5.2 Reynolds'Transport Theorem 186 5.3 Linear Momentum 189 5.4 Applications of the Linear Momentum Theorem 797 5.5 Angular Momentum 27P 5.6Applications of the Angular Momentum Theorem 225 397 5.7Problems 232 Bibliography 263 Laminar Viscous Flow 265 6.1Introduction 265 6.2 The Viscous Stress 266 6.3The Viscous Force 269 6.4The Navier-Stokes Equation of Motion 277 6.5Applications of the Navier-Stokes Equation 275 6.6Laminar Boundary Layers 311 6.7Problems 324 Bibliography 352 Turbulent Viscous Flow 353 7.1Introduction 353 7.2Characteristics of Turbulent Flow 353 7.3Turbulent Skin Friction and Drag 361 7.4Simple Models of Turbulent Mean Flow 368 7.5Problems 374 Bibliography 376 Conservation of Energy 377 8.1Introduction 377 8.2Incompressible Viscous Flow 37S 8.3The First Law of Thermodynamics 3S6 8.4The Second Law of Thermodynamics 394 8.5Derivation of the Differential Form of the First Law 8.6Problems 399 Bibliography 400 Flow in Fluid Systems 401 9.1Introduction 401 9.2Head Loss in Pipes and Ducts 402 9.3Head Changes in Systems with Pumps and Turbines - 415 9.4Complex Networks 420 9.5Problems 428 Bibliography 439 10 Dimensional Analysis and Modeling 441 10.1 Introduction 441 10.2 Dimensional Analysis 442 10.3 Modeling 456 10.4 Drag 473 10.5 Lift 478 10.6 Problems 482 Bibliography 493 11 Irrotational Flow 495 11.1 Introduction 495 11.2 Vorticity 496 11.3 The Stream Function for Incompressible Flow 502 11.4 Plane Irrotational Flows 506 11.5 Axisymmetric Irrotational Flows 532 11.6 Row over Airfoils and Wings 540 11.7 Numerical Solutions 544 11.8 Potential Flow 547 11.9 Problems 548 Bibliography 557 12 Compressible Flow 555 12.1 Introduction 553 12.2 The Speed of Sound 555 12.3 Steady Isentropic Flow 560 12.4 Shock Waves 570 12.5 Adiabatic Viscous Pipe Flow 577 12.6 Plane Supersonic Flow 550 12.7 One-Dimensional Unsteady Flow 12.8 Problems 596 Bibliography 595 Index 599