CONTENTS Foreword xi Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii 1.The Management of Disasters 1 Introduction 1 Disasters Throughout History 1 The History of Disaster Management 2 Modern Disaster Management-A Four-phase Approach 9 What Is International Disaster Management? 10 Disasters, Poverty, and Development 14 Disaster Trends 18 Definitions 28 Conclusion 32 2. Hazards 37 Introduction 37 Hazard Identification and Hazard Profiling 37 Hazard Analysis 41 The Hazards 46 Conclusion 132 3. Risk and Vulnerability 139 Introduction 139 Two Components of Risk 139 Trends 146 Computing Likelihood and Consequence Values 147 Risk Evaluation 156 Alternatives 167 Vulnerability 176 Conclusion 205 4.Mitigation 209 Introduction 209 What Is Mitigation? 209 Types of Mitigation: Structural and Nonstructural 212 Obstacles to Mitigation 240 Assessing and Selecting Mitigation Options 241 Emergency Response Capacity as a Risk Mitigation Measure 246 Incorporating Mitigation into Development and Relief Projects 247 Conclusion 249 5.Preparedness 251 Introduction 251 Overview of Disaster Preparedness 251 Government Preparedness 252 Public Preparedness 269 The Media as a Public Educator 282 Obstacles to Effective Public Education and Preparedness 284 Conclusion 292 Appendix 5-1Guidance on Creating a Public Education Campaign for Earthquakes 296 6.Response 305 Introduction 305 What Is Response? 305 Response-The Emergency 306 Recognition-Prc-disaster Actions 306 Recognition-Post-disaster 309 Provision of Water, Food, and Shelter 318 Volunteer Management 344 Coordination 346 Conclusion 351 Appendix 6-1Sample of a Checklist to be Used for Assessments 353 7.Recovery 377 Introduction 377 Overview of Recovery 377 The Effects of Disasters on Society 378 Pre-disaster Recovery Actions 379 Components of Recovery-What Is Needed, and Where Does It Come From?381 Types of Recovery 397 Public Assistance 397 Special Considerations in Recovery 408 Conclusion 422 8.Participants: Governmental Disaster Management Agencies 425 Introduction425 Governmental Emergency Management Structures 426 Emergency Management Participants 426 Organizational Structures 438 Bilateral Disaster Management Assistance 449 How Governments Provide Assistance 455 Types of Bilateral Assistance 456 Types of National Government Agencies Involved in International Disaster Management462 Conclusion 473 Appendix 8-1475 9.Participants: Nongovernmental Organizations (Including the Private Sector and Academia) 483 Introduction 483 Who Are the NGOs?484 What Do They Do? 486 NGO Operations 490 NGO/Military Cooperation 495 Standards of Conduct 502 The Role of the Private Sector 506 The Role of Academia 509 Conclusion510 Appendix 9-1Profile of an NGO: The IFRC 511 Appendix 9-2NGOs Involved in the January 12, 2010, Earthquake in Haiti Response and Recovery Operations as of August 1, 2010534 Appendix 9-3Academic and Professional Disaster Management Institutions 544 10.Participants: Multilateral Organizations and international Financial Institutions 549 Introduction 549 The United Nations 550 UN Agencies and Programs 566 Regional International Organizations 603 International Financial Institutions 612 Conclusion 623 APPENDIX 10-1IADB Disaster Risk Management Policy Guidelines 627 11.Special Considerations 641 Introduction 641 Coordination 643 The Media 644 Institutional Capacity Development646 Political Will 647 Compound Emergencies 647 Donor Fatigue 647 Corruption 648 State Sovereignty 649 Equality in Humanitarian Assistance and Relief Distribution 651 Climate Change and the Environmental Impact of Disasters 653 Early Warning 654 Einking Risk Reduction and Development 655 Differentiating Between Recovery and Development 656 Terrorism 656 Global Disasters: SARS, Avian Influenza, Swine Flu, and Other Emerging Epidemics 657 Conclusion 658 Index 661