CONTENTS Dedication Aim Foreword Acknowledgment: 1964 & 2005 Prelude Preface Contents Chapter I.Introduction37 1.0 Urbanization in India 1.1Population: General Situation and Future Migration Rates 1.2Economic Context 1.3 Sociological and Cultural Factors 1.4 Government Policies for Urbanization and National Development 1.5 Speculation on Future National Policies as Related to Urbanization 1.6 Purpose and Scope of This Study Chapter II.Problems Stated: Explicit and Implicit 79 2.1General 2.1.1 Urbanization: Few Observations 2.1.3What is Planning and what are its Attributes 2.1.4 A Run through Planning History 2.1.5 Planning as a Continuous Process. 2.1.6 Prime-Mover in Planning 2.1.7 Inferences 2.1.8 Basic and Non-Basic Activities 2.1.9 Rural: Urban Interface 2.1.10 Physical Nature of Cities 2.1.11 Functions of Towns and Cities 2.1.12 Major Activities in an Urban Area 2.1.13 Land Use and Its Intrinsic Requirements 2.1.14 Broad Classification of Regional Land Use 2.2 Problems of the City 2.2.1 Changes with Time 2.2.1.1 Technological Changes 2.2.1.2 Social Changes 2.2.1.3 Other Changes 2.2.2 Problems Related to Growth 2.2.2.1 Changes in Sizes: Trends in Quantitative Changes 2.2.2.2 Problems Connected with Change in Size and Scale 2.2.2.3 Sociological Phenomena Accommodating Changes 2.2.2.4 Possible Planning Approaches 2.2.2.4.1 Historical Approach 2.2.2.4.2 Anatomic Approach 2.2.2.4.3 Technique Approach 2.2.2.4.4 Economic Approach 2.2.2.4.5 Plan and Culture Correspondence 2.3.0 An Approach to the Theory of a Plan: Possible Pattern of Urban Settlements - the Form and Shape of an Urban Area 2.3.1 Criteria for Evaluation 2.3.2 The Forms of Urban Areas 2.3.3 Comparison of Different Patterns of Settlement Growth 2.3.4 Dynapolis, the Dynamic Pattern of Settlement Growth Taking Queue from La Ville Radieuse; Sequence Of Planning Operations Chapter III.Economic Aspects of Growing Towns of India 161 3.1 The Basic Problem 3.2 Basic Requirements of Industrial Activities 3.3 Search for Limitations 3.3.1 Human Resources 3.3.1.1 Appropriate Range of Skill 3.3.1.2 Wage Level and Price of Labor 3.3.1.3 Mobility of Labor 3.3.2 Physical Resources, Basic Materials and Industrial Equipments 3.3.3 Transportation 3.3.4 Communication System 3.3.5 Power 3.3.6 Water Supply and Sanitation 3.3.7 Market and Capital 3.4 Search for Possibilities 3.5 Scope of Economic Activities 3.6 The Basic Approach 3.7 Phasing of Economic Activities 3.8 Building and Construction Industries 3.8.1 Classification 3.8.2 Employment Characteristics 3.8.3 Model 3.9 Employment of Labor of Natural Increase 3.10 An Examination of Human Skill in India 3.10.1 Scaling the Skill: The Applied Model 3.11 Highest Age of Occupational Change 3.12 Composition of Anticipated Rural Labor in the Growing Towns 3.13 Occupational Mobility 3.14 Detailed Examination of the Wage Levels 3.15 Financial Assistance 3.16 Industrial Subsidy 3.17 Extension of Urban Services and Utilities 3.18 How a Growing Town may be Started 3.19 Conclusion: The Economic Concept of the Growing Town Chapter IV Social and Cultural Aspects of Growing Towns 257 4.1 Impact of Urbanization on Indian Villages 4.2 The Rural Society in India 4.3 Detailed Examination of Certain Social Institutions in India. 4.3.1 Caste and Class 4.3.2 Land Tenure 4.3.2.1 Traditional Tenure Pattern in Villages 4.3.2.2 Traditional Tenure Pattern in Urban Areas 4.3.3 Land Reform 4.3.4 Social Groupings and Their Functions 4.3.4.1 Extended Family 4.3.4.2 Groupings Based on Work 4.3.4.3 Groupings Based on Religious, Cultural, Educational and Recreation Activities 4.3.4.4 Educational Groupings 4.3.4.5 Groupings based on Governmental and Political Activities 4.3.5 Skills, Mobility, Attitudes and Values 4.3.6 Social and Cultural Change 4.4 Imminent Socio-Economic Change 4.4.1 Electronic Revolution and Physical Space 4.4.2 Consumerism and Information Transgression 4.4.3 Trans-National Corporation; Market Economy under Monopoly 4.4.4 Market Colonialism 4.5.1 Some Observations 4.5.2 Few Inferences 4.5.3 Relevance of Dynapolis 4.5.4 Relevance of Growing Towns Chapter V. Comparison of Economic, Technical and Social Factors 313 1. Basic Problem 2. Rural Work Activities 3. Urban Work Activities 4. Relation between Places of Work and Living. Other Work Places 5. Services and Utilities 6. Hierarchical Structure 7. Residential Areas 8. Land Use Pattern 9. Transportation 10. Growth and Expansion Chapter VIEvaluation of a Study for a New Town: HOOK 343 6.1 Context 6.2 General Description of the Master Plan 6.2.1 General Siting 6.2.2 Central Area 6.2.3 Residential Areas 6.2.4 Residential Planning 6.2.5 Major Industrial Areas 6.2.6 Communications 6.2.7 Programming 6.2.8 Land Use Acreage at Year 50 6.3 Analysis of Planning Approach to Hook New Town 6.3.1 First Step: Identification of Factors of Special Importance 6.3.1.1 Urbanity 6.3.1.2 The Motor Vehicle 6.3.1.3 Town and Countryside 6.3.1.4 Population Balance 6.3.2 Second Step: Analysis of People 6.3.3 Third Step: Scope of Economic Activities 6.3.3.1 Community Aspect 6.3.4 Fourth Step: Search for Shape, Extent and Land Use Pattern of the Town 6.3.4.1 Town Shape and Land Use Pattern 6.3.4.2 Town Area and Density 6.3.5 Fifth Step: Areas of Residential Use 6.4 Some Criticism on Hook. 6.4.1 Concept of Urbanity 6.4.2 Relation to Urbanization of South-East England 6.4.3 Size and Concept 6.4.4 Density and Housing 6.4.5 Economics and Work 6.4.6 Physical Development 6.4.7 Certain Details of the Final Plan 6.5 Applicability of the Planning Approach of HOOK to Growing Towns in India 6.5.1 Purpose of the Growing Towns in India 6.5.2 Demographic, Cultural and Sociological Characteristics of the .. Population 6.5.3 Scope of Economic Activities 6.6 Deductions Chapter VII Provincial and Regional Approach 401 7.1 The Need of Efficient Organization 7.2 Selection of Site 7.2.1 Problem of Balancing Population and Industry 7.2.2 Development and Services 7.2.3 Control of Migration 7.2.4 Social Consequences 7.2.5 Transportation and Communication 7.2.6 Physical Factors 7.2.6.1 Physically Difficult Land 7.2.6.2 Topography 7.2.6.3 Landscape 7.2.6.4 Agricultural Land 7.2.6.5 Geology 7.2.6.6 Mineral Resources and Water-Gathering Grounds 7.3 Institutional Provisions 7.3.1 Limitations of Urban Planning in Vogue in India 7.3.1.1 Early Statutory Provisions 7.3.1.2 National Commission on Urbanization 7.3.1.3 Inadequate Planning Data 7.3.1.4 The Real Gap 7.3.2 Constitutional Provision for Local Area Plan 7.3.3 Effects of Liberalization of the Economy 7.3.4 Electronic Revolution 7.3.5 UNCHS Habitat-II 7.4 UDPFI 7.5 Relevance of UDPFI to Growing Towns 7.5.1 Implementation 7.6 On Town : Region Relationship -Vicissitudes of Few Known Theories 7.7 Future Density of Urban Development Chapter VIII. Analysis of Planning Factors429 8.1 Population 8.1.1 Rate of Migration 8.1.2 Age Distribution 8.1.2.1 Population Pyramid of Migrants 8.1.2.2 Population Pyramid of the Growing Town 8.1.2.3 Distribution of Household Types 8.2 Housing Accommodation 8.2.1 Habitable Space per Person 8.2.2 Alternative I 8.2.3 Alternative U 8.2.4 Alternative III 8.3 Density and Land Requirements 8.3.1 Low Density versus High Density 8.3.2 Optimum Residential Densities 8.3.3 Land Requirement for Residential Use 8.3.4 Land Requirement for Non-Residential Uses within Residential Areas 8.3.5 Land Requirement for Manufacturing and Home-Industries 8.3.6 Land Requirement for Central Business Activities 8.3.7 Land Requirement for Government and Institutional Use 8.3.8 Land Requirement for Roads and Site Works 8.3.9 Land Requirement for Recreation and Open Space 8.3.10 Land Requirement for Agricultural Use 8.3.11 Total Land Requirement at Different Phases 8.4 Form and Shape of the Growing Town 8.4.1 Influence of the Central Business District in the Form of a Town 8.4.2 Pattern of Residential Areas Determining the Form of a Town 8.4.2.1 Two Aspects 8.4.2.2 Classification of Residential Land 8.4.2.3 Basic Considerations (i) Easy Administration (Ji) Relation between Fully Serviced and Partly Serviced Lands (iii) Extension of Services and Utilities Determines Growth Pattern 8.4.3 Influence of Transportation on the Town Form 8.4.3.1 Public Transportation and Private Transportation 8.4.3.2 Various Road Patterns in Urban Areas S.4.4 Hierarchical Structure of the Town 8.4.4.1 Hierarchy of Residential Areas 8.4.4.2 Hierarchy of Service Activities 8.4.4.3 Location Aspect of Non-Residential Activities within Residential Areas Chapter IX Planning Proposals 1,1 Development Plan 9.1.1 Land Use Plan 9.1.2 Transportation 9.1.3 Central Business District 9.1.4 Institutional and Leisure-Time Activities 9.1.5 Residential Areas 9.1.6 Agricultural Land Use 9.2 Development Control 9.3 Cost Analysis Appendix 551 Appendix I: United Nations Conference on Science and echnology.Geneva, 1963, Paper for G2 - Urbanization: A Tool for Social and Technological Advance by Dr. A.J. Dakin Urban Growth should be Purposeful Difficulties in Using Urbanization as a Tool for Advancement Cultural and Technical Change are Inherent in Advance Some Guidelines for Using Urbanization as a Tool for Advance Appendix II: Livelihood Characteristics of the Migrants Appendix III: The Minimum Adequate Standard of Urban Living References 577 Bibliography 595