CONTENTS Preface xiii Chapter 1 An Introduction to Tunnel Engineering . 1 Elwyn H. King and Thomas R. Kuesel Tunnel elements1 Details 2 Chapter 2 Tunnel Layout 4 Elwyn H. King and Thomas R. Kuesel4 Clearances for highway tunnels4 Alignment and grades for highway tunnels 4 Clearances for railroad tunnels 4 Alignment and grades for railroad tunnels 5 Clearances for rapid transit tunnels 5 Alignment and grades for rapid transit tunnels6 Controls on layout of underwater transportation tunnels 8 Chapter 3 Tunnel Surveys and Alignment Control 13 William S. Robinson Current state of surveying technology13 General surveying requirements and procedures16 Tunnel geometry 23 Survey work during construction 25 Survey for construction of immersed tubes 34 Tunnel monitoring surveys 36 Representative projects 40 Chapter 4 Geotechnical Investigations 46 Harvey W. Parker Geotechnical approach to tunnel design 46 Geotechnical challenges of the underground 47 Importance of geology 48 Phasing and timing 48 Teamwork, communications, and training 50 Soil classification for tunnels 51 Rock classification 54 . Description of investigation techniques 59 Developing the investigation program 65 Tunnel monitoring and instrumentation 69 Guidelines for level of geotechnical effort 69 Geotechnical Reports 74 Chapter 5 Tunnel Stabilization and Lining 80 Thomas R. Kuesel Classifications 80 Principles of ground-structure interaction 84 Design considerations 86 Lining behavior under ground loads 87 Performance criteria for flexible ring design 87 Behavior of two-stage linings 89 Lining analysis 90 Behavior of rock reinforcement systems 91 Tandem linings 94 Relation of design and analysis 95 Principles of tunnel stabilization and lining design 95 Chapter 6 Soft Ground Tunneling 97 James E. Monsees Geotechnical investigations 97 Anticipated ground behavior 97 Soil stabilization and groundwater control 98 Grouting101 Soft ground tunneling machines107 Selection of soft ground tunneling machine108 Soft ground tunnel support and lining111 Surface effects of tunnel construction111 Building protection methods115 Practicalities of tunnel engineering116 Seismic design of soft ground tunnels118 Chapter 7 Rock Tunnels . 122 Elwyn H. King Classical concept122 Changing concepts125 Rock discontinuities126 Rock movement127 Water128 Formation grouting129 Rock reinforcement130 Current concepts131 Rock mass rating (rmr)134 Excavation methods 139 Effect of excavation method on design141 Seismic effects142 Use of explosives143 Cast-in-place linings145 Caverns148 Leakage151 Chapter 8 Tunneling in Difficult Ground . 153 Terrence G. McCusker Instability153 Heavy loading164 Drill-and-blast tunneling166 TBM tunneling168 Swelling172 Obstacles and constraints172 Physical conditions174 Observations175 Chapter 9 Shafts ..- .. 177 Robert J. Jenny Shaft excavation in soft ground177 Excavation in soft, wet ground181 Shaft excavation in rock184 Lining of shafts185 Chapter 10 Deep Shafts .. 187 Maurice Grieves Shafts for tunnels and caverns187 Alternatives to conventional drill-and-blast methods188 Construction sequence188 Conventional sinking equipment191 The shaft sinking cycle193 Shaft equipping196 Ground stabilization198 Blast design and the use of explosives 201 Raise drilling, blind drilling, and other alternatives 202 Chapter 11 Tunnel Boring Machines 203 Harry Sutcliffe Historical development 203 Excavation under external water pressure 205 Components of a modem TBM 205 Operation of the TBM 207 The TBM, temporary support, and permanent lining 209 The decision to use a TBM 209 Selecting a soft ground TBM 210 Measuring TBM performance 210 The learning curve 212 Variability in ground 213 Noncircular tunnels 214 Chapter 12 Shotcrete 220 Elwyn H. King History 220 Quality assurance 223 Materials 223 Engineering properties 225 Wet or dry? 226 Preparation, mix, shoot, and cure 227 Testing 228 Design considerations 229 Chapter 13 Materials Handling and Construction Plant 231 A. A. Mathews Basic transportation systems 231 Special muck transporting systems 239 Supplemental material handling systems 244 Vertical transport 248 Hoisting 252 . Vertical conveyors 254 Utilities 255 Surface plant 262 Concrete plant 264 . Shotcrete plant 266 Chapter 14 Immersed Tube Tunnels 268 Ahmet Gursoy General description 268 Conceptual considerations 269 Steel shell tubes 273 Concrete tubes 279 Weight control of tubes 280 Preparation of trench 281 Tube foundations 282 Joints between tubes 285 Backfill 289 Design of tubes 289 Chapter 15 Water Conveyance Tunnels .. 298 David E. Westfall Friction losses 298 Drop shafts for vertical conveyance 298 Air removal 302 Gas buildups in sewer tunnels 304 Control of infiltration and exfiltration 304 Lake taps and connections to live tunnels 308 Tunnel maintenance 309 Chapter 16 Small-Diameter lYinnels 311 David E. Westfall and Glenn M. Boyce Basic procedure 311 Site investigations 313 Pits and shafts313 Leading edge 314 Jacking pipes 316 Applications 318 Chapter 17 Cut-and-Cover Tunnel Structures .. 320 James L. Wilton Tunnel design-structural 322 Shoring systems 329 Common types of shoring walls329 Common types of shoring wall support332 Design of shoring systems 335 Performance of shoring systems346 Decking348 Excavation and groundwater control349 Permanent shoring walls and support 352 Reinforced concrete materials and construction 353 Watertightness 357 Chapter 18 Safety Provisions .. 360 Robert J. Jenny General safety rules 360 Localized operational hazards 361 First aid station 362 Fire hazards 363 Ventilation during construction 363 Handling and storage of explosives 364 Inactive headings 364 Compressed-air work 364 Decompression table explanation 367 Chapter 19 Fire Life Safety .. 369 Norman H. Danziger Background 369 BART369 Highway tunnels 372 Rapid transit tunnels 378 Mainline railroad tunnels 381 Fire suppression systems 382 Sprinkler systems 382 Chapter 20 Tunnel Ventilation . 384 Arthur G. Bendelius Highway tunnels 384 Railroad tunnels 406 Rapid transit systems414 Simulation 421 Test program 422 Equipment and facilities 424 Control and monitoring systems 435 Ventilation during construction 436 Chapter 21 Tunnel Lighting .. 439 Peter A. Mowczan Lighting of highway tunnels 439 Definition of terms 439 Tunnel lighting nomenclature 440 Tunnel classification 441 Physiological considerations in tunnel lighting design 441 Entrance lighting 443 Luminance level in the tunnel interior 444 Exit lighting 445 Lighting of short tunnels 445 Lighting of long tunnels 446 Tunnel lining 451 Tunnel lighting luminaires 451 Maintenance 452 Emergency lighting 453 Lighting of transit tunnels 453 Lighting of railway tunnels 453 Design computations 454 Chapter 22 Power Supply and Distribution 455 Elies Elvove Peculiar electrical requirements of tunnels 455 Types of tunnels 456 Electrical loads 456 Lighting load 456 Power load 457 Tunnel ventilation fan load 457 Miscellaneous loads 457 Voltage selection 457 Distribution voltage458 Primary distribution systems 458 Service bus arrangements459 Secondary distribution system 460 Standby power supply460 Uninterruptible power systems (UPS) 461 Standby power distribution system 461 Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) 461 Data transmission system (DTS) 462 Auxiliary systems 462 Grounding and bonding 462 System grounding 462 Equipment grounding 462 Grounding electrodes 463 Stray current and cathodic protection 463 Raceway systems 463 Design 463 Materials 463 Major equipment 464 Chapter 23 Water Supply and Drainage Systems 467 Arthur G. Bendelius Water supply system 467 Water supply design criteria 467 Water source 467 Water mains 468 Hose stations 470 Protection of exhaust fans 470 Fire pumps 471 Drainage system 473 Drainage design criteria 474 Open approach drainage 475 Tunnel drainage 476 Drainage pump stations 476 Drainage pumps 477 Water treatment 480 Flood protection 481 Drainage of rail tunnels 482 Chapter 24 Surveillance and Control Systems for Highway Tunnels 485 Richard J. Naish Surveillance andcontrol systems 485 Overview of available technology 485 Traffic control concepts 487 Field hardware 490 Control center 493 System selection 496 Design and implementation 496 Operation and maintenance 497 Chapter 25 Tunnel Finish 499 Stanley Lorch Suspended ceiling systems 500 Ceiling veneers 504 Tunnel sidewall finishes 505 Sidewalks 506 Equipment niches and doors 508 Roadway design 508 Tunnel finish materials 508 Chapter 26 Service Buildings and Ancillary Spaces .. 512 Stanley Lorch and Hanan Kivett Ventilation buildings for ducted tunnels 512 Program requirements 514 Underground rail transit stations 517 Chapter 27 Tunnel Rehabilitation 520 Henry A. Russell Tunnel rehabilitation inspection methods 520 Tunnel rehabilitation repairs 528 Concrete repair 528 Crack repair 534 Metal repairs 536 Brick masonry repair 537 Segmenta) tunnel liners 537 Construction costs 538 Chapter 28 Tunnel Construction Contracting .. 541 Thomas R. Kuesel Differing site conditions clause 542